Skeletal System Comprehensive Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering the axial and appendicular skeleton, including bone functions, specific anatomical structures, and vertebral divisions based on lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of body parts.

Physiology

The study of functions of body parts.

Bones

The rigid support structures of the body that protect internal organs, facilitate movement, store minerals such as calcium, and serve as the site for blood cell production; an adult human skeleton has $206$ bones.

Cartilage

A softer and more flexible connective tissue that reduces friction at joints and is found in structures like the nose and ears.

Ligaments

Fibrous bands that connect bones to other bones to provide stability to joints.

Joints

The locations where bones meet, allowing for various types of movement.

Axial Skeleton

A division of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column (spine), and the rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

A division of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs (arms and legs) and the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

Skull

A strong bony casing that protects the brain, spinal cord, and eyes; it supports facial structure and anchors muscles for chewing and facial expressions.

Foramen magnum

The specific opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Orbits

The bony sockets formed by the skull that house the eyes and their associated muscles.

Sinuses

Air-filled spaces within the skull that can assist with pressure changes.

Vertebral column

Also known as the spine or backbone, this central bony structure supports the body and protects the spinal cord; it is composed of $26$ vertebrae in adults and $33$ in children.

Intervertebral discs

Structures that separate the individual vertebrae within the spinal column.

C1 (Atlas)

The first cervical vertebra of the spinal column.

C2 (Axis)

The second cervical vertebra of the spinal column.

Vertebral Regions

The five divisions of the spine: cervical, thoracic ($Th1-Th12$ or $T-TXII$), lumbar ($L1-L5$ or $LI-LV$), sacrum (Os sacrum), and coccyx.

Rib cage

A protective cage around the thoracic cavity that shields the heart and lungs and assists in respiration by expanding and contracting.

Intercostals

Muscles located between the ribs that contract to lift and pull the ribs out, increasing chest cavity volume during inhalation.

Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell production, for which the ribs serve as a site during development.

Carpus

The skeleton of the wrist, which consists of $8$ small carpal bones arranged in two rows of four.

Tarsus

The skeleton of the ankle, consisting of $7$ bones arranged to support weight-bearing functions.

Calcaneus

The bone of the heel, which is directed downward and backward.

Talus

The 'keystone' of the tarsus whose superior surface articulates with the tibia.

Mandible

The lower jaw bone, which is part of the skull.

Sternum

The breastbone located in the center of the chest, connected to the ribs by costal cartilage.

Anatomy

body of science that examines body’s structures and relationship between the structure of a body part and its functions

Anatomical Position

the standard reference posture used globally in medicine and biology to describe the human body consistently

Sagittal/Median Plane

divides the body into left and right

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body intro front and back

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

divides the body into upper and lower

Superior / Cephalic

Toward the head or upper part of a body structure

Posterior / Dorsal

Back of the body

Anterior / Ventral

Front of the body

Interior / Caudal

Away from the head or lower part of a structure

Distal

further away from the center of the body, the trunk, or the limb

Proximal

closer to the center of the body or to the point where a limb or part attaches to the body

Supine Position

It is an anatomical position laying on the back

Prone position

it is an anatomical position where you lay on your chest or tummy

Midline

divides body to right and left sides of the body structure

Medial

towards the midline, middle, center

lateral

away from the midline, middle, center

Ipsilateral

located on the same side of the body

Contralateral

Opposite of the body

Proximal

Elbow is ______ to the shoulder compared to the wrist.

Long bone

mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the ends

Short bones

cube-shaped and mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone

Flat bones

Thin, flattened, usually curved

Irregular bones

bones that do not fit one of the mentioned shapes

206

How many bones do we have

80

how many bones does axial skeleton have

126

How many bones does an appendicular skeleton have?

Axial skeleton

it forms the longitudinal axis of the body

Skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column

The axial skeleton bones are

Appendicular skeleton

These bones help you move, walk, and lift things

Limbs (appendages), pectoral, and pelvic girdles

Appendicular skeleton bones are

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

What are the regions of spinal column

Joint

a place where two or more bones come together

Fibrous joints

adjoining bones connected by fibrous connective tissue

Synarthroses

fixed or immovable joints that connect bones tightly together

Synovial joints

adjoining bones covered in hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in an articular capsule line with _____ membrane

Hinge joint

consists of a convex cylinder applied to a corresponding concave surface of another bone

Pivot joint

consists of a cylindrical bony process or a central bony pivot that rotates within a ligamentous ring

Ball-and-socket joint

consists of a ball-shaped (spherical) end (head) of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone

Plane joint

Consists of 2 flat or almost flat bones that permits gliding motions

Ellipsoid joint

Elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave