PHL 1B - Topics 1

is the philosophy of life and that it delves into the deepest whys and wherefore of human existence, men’s actions, problems and destiny.

Ethics

He further mentions that to live well and happy, we must knowwhat we are living for

Montemayor

that investigates the meaning and purpose of human life.

Ethics

the unexamined life is not worth living for man.​

Socrates

Montemayor also states that he is one of the greatest philosophers of all times proclaimed

Plato

as the supreme science, the highest in the hierarchy of human values, as it is concerned with the attainment of life’s greatest Good and Goal – Happiness. ​

Ethics

Greatest good and goal

Happiness

is the practical science of the morality of human actions.​

Ethics

is the science of human acts with reference to right and wrong​

Ethics

is the scientific inquiry into the principles of morality.​

Ethics

is the study of the rectitude of human conduct​

Ethics

is the human conduct from the standpoint of morality.​

Ethics

is the science which lays down the principles of right living​

Ethics

is the practical science that guides us in our actions that we may liverightly and well.​

Ethics

is normative and practical science, based on reason, which studieshuman conduct and provides norm for its natural integrity and honesty.​

Ethics

According to Socrates, ethics is the

Investigation of life

the unexamined life is…

not worth living for man.​

systematic study or a system of scientific conclusions clearly demonstrated, derived from clearly established principles and duly coordinated​

Science

the quality of human acts as right, wrong orindifferent, moral immoral or amoral.​

Morality

acts done with knowledge, freedom and free willor consent.​

Human acts

means right living and good moral character and it is in good moralcharacter that man finds his true worth and perfection.

Ethics

is the harmonious development of the whole man-of all man’s faculties; the moral, intellectual, and physical powers in man

Education

Now then highest of man’s​ power are his

Reason and will

the primary objective of education is the​…

Moral development of the will

• Montemayor (1994) proclaims that the importance of the study of ethics follows immediately from the importance of ethics itself. His idea is manifested in the following:​

1. it is in good moral character that man finds his true worth and perfection

2. Education is the moral development of the will which are man’s highest power

refer to explicit or understoodregulations or principles governing conductwithin a specific activity or sphere

Rules

tells us what is or is not allowed in a particular context or situation.

Rules

serve as a foundation for any healthy society

Rules

Without this, society would like fall into anarchy.​

Rules

Rules benefit social beings in various manners:

1. Rules protect social beings by regulating behavior

2. Rules help to guarantee each person certain right and freedom

3. Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings

4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic system

society could not soundly function without

rules and regulations

are necessary to protect the greater good

Rules

Even the freest societies ought to have this in order to avoid exploitations and tyranny while upholding the common good.​

Rules

Rules build boundaries that place limits on behavior. Rules are usually coupled with means to impose consequences on those who violate them.

Rules protect social beings by regulating behavior

One of the reasons people follow accepted rules is to avoid negative consequences.​

Rules protect social beings by regulating behavior

Nations are generally nations of laws, and the governing principles are outlined in what is called constitution. Because the majority has agreed to follow and consent to be governed by such a constitution, the freedoms outlined exist.​

Rules help to guarantee each person certain right and freedom.

Rules are needed in order to keep the strong from dominating the weak that is to prevent exploitation and domination.

Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings

form frameworks for society

Rules

Without rules, schemes in which those with the power control the system, would take over.

Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings

rules generate a stable system tha tprovides justice, in which even the richest and the most powerful have limitations on what they can do.

Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings

If they transgress rules such as laws and ordinances and take advantage of people, there are consequences both socially and criminally.​

Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings

without rules regulating business, power would centralize around monopolies and threaten the strength and competitiveness of the system.

Rules are essential for a healthy economic system

Rules are needed to ensure product safety, employee’s safety and product quality. Copyright and patents help protect people’s intellectual property. Rules and regulations also keep the banking system stable so as to avoid depression and the like.​

Rules are essential for a healthy economic system

are norms that individuals orgroups have about the kinds of actions believed to bemorally right or wrong, as well as the values placed onwhat we believed to be morally good or morally bad

Moral standards

normally promote “the good”, that is, the welfare and well-being of humans as well as animals and the environment.

Moral standards

prescribe what humans ought to do in terms of rights and obligations

Moral standards

refer to standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way.

Non-moral standards

are standards of etiquette by which we judge manners as good or bad, standards we call the law by which we judge something as legal or illegal, and standards of aesthetics by which we judge art as good or rubbish

Non-moral standards

are matters of taste or preference.

Non-moral standards

Characteristics of Moral standards

1. deal with matters we think can seriously injure or benefit humans, animals, and the environment

2. rest on the adequacy of the reasons that are taken to support and justify them.

3. are overriding, that is, they take precedence over others tandards and considerations, especially of self-interest

4. based on impartial considerations. Hence, are fair and just; ​

5. are associated with special emotions (such as guiltand shame) and vocabulary (such as right, wrong, good, and bad).​

refers to a situation in which a tough decision has to be made between two or more options, especially more or less equally undesirable ones

Dilemma

in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle

Moral dilemma (Ethical dilemmas)

involves conflicts between moral requirements.​

Moral dilemma

key features of a moral dilemma:

a.) the agent is required to do each of two (or more) actions;

b.) the agent can do each of the actions; but the agent cannot do both (or all) of the actions

c.) neither of the conflicting moral requirements is overridden.​

the agent thus seems condemned to moral failure no matter what he does, he will do something wrong or fail to do something that he ought to do.​

Moral dilemma

Some ethicists propose that when one of the conflicting moral requirements overrides the other, the case is not a genuine…

Moral dilemma

are those experienced and resolved on the personal level

Personal dilemma

Since many ethical decisions are personally made, many if not most of moral dilemmas fall under, or boil down to this level.

Personal dilemma

• Three Levels of Moral Dilemma​

Personal Dilemma

Organizational Dilemma

Structural Dilemma

refer to ethical cases encountered and resolves by social organization

Organizational Dilemma

This category includes moral dilemmas in business, medical fields and public sector.​

Organizational Dilemma

refer to cases involving network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms.

Structural Dilemma

As they usually encompass multi-sectoral institutions and organizations, they may be larger in scope and extent than organizational dilemmas.​

Structural Dilemma

said that we are “rational animal”. We are animals minus the rationality.​

Aristotle

basic tenet in ethics is the belief that…

only human beings can truly be ethical

possess some traits that make it possible for them to be moral like rational, autonomous, and self-conscious.

Human beings

is defined as the science of the morality of human act, it provides as with set of rules or principles needed so we can be guided in our actions in society.​

Ethics

Not all rules are ____________ and not all standards are __________

Moral rules; moral standards

They involve conflicts between moral requirements, and they can happen in the personal, organizational or structural level.​

Moral dilemma

They can be ethical as they are rational, autonomous, and self-conscious, can act morally and immorally, and are part of the moral community.​

Human beings