physiology exam 4 hw/pcq's

respiratory

What is the main function of the ________ system?

upply the body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

inspiration

If intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, what is occurring in the respiratory system?

simple diffusion, hemoglobin

Oxygen moves from the alveoli onto the erythrocytes of the pulmonary capillaries via ______. The majority of oxygen binds as we discussed previously- O2 binds to iron of a heme (of which there are 4) on a _______ (of which there are millions) on a erythrocyte.

pH of the blood below 7.35 would be considered

acidic

false

With an increased amount of CO2, we can have an increased amount of H+.

metabolic acidosis

Using the values below, identify (diagnose) the problem.

pH: 7.37, PaCO2: 33, HCO3: 17

respiratory alkalosis; full compesation

Using the values below, first identify (diagnose) the problem. Then compensate.

pH: 7.42, PaCO2: 32, HCO3: 20

stimulated

During Guarding reflex should the internal and external sphincters be stimulated or inhibited?

true

The voiding reflex is when sphincters are relaxed and open and we are excreting urine.

A

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Reabsorption means

A

something moves from the renal tubules to the bloodstream

B

something moves from the bloodstream to the renal tubules

C

Something leaves the body

galbladder

living without a ______ would mean:

diet alteration and slow re-introduction of fats is needed, Fat digestion is slow at first

C

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Most material is digested and reabsorbed in the ______.

A

Stomach

B

Liver

C

Small intestine

D

Small intestine

C

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Why are the proximal and distal segments of the tubule convoluted?

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A. 

allow more time for water to be excreted

B. 

allow less time for products to be secreted

C. 

allow more time for products to be reabsorbed

D. 

gravity creates a twisted convoluted shape

A

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What is urea used for in the countercurrent multiplier?

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Answers:

A. 

Increase the gradient

B. 

Decrease the gradient

C. 

Maintain a constant gradient

D

Antidiuretic hormone promotes the retention of water by stimulating

Answers:

A. 

active transport of water

B. 

active transport of chloride

C. 

active transport of sodium

D. 

permeability of collecting duct to water

Na, Cl

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The interstitial fluid surrounding the proximal tubules becomes very salty, with a high osmolality due to

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*____* entering the cells from the filtrate in the lumen and moving into the surrounding interstitial fluid.  *This creates a potential difference that draws* ______ from the filtrate, through the epithelium, and into the interstitial fluid. 

proximal tubule

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Active transport of sodium; water follows passively

ascending loop

Active transport of sodium; impermeable to water

descending loop

Passively permeable to water only

collecting duct

Passively permeable to water and urea

D

Which of the following is a response of the body to metabolic acidosis? (Hint: Consider compensation, what needs to be done to correct for the H+ content you have?)

A. 

secretion of bicarbonate into lumen

B. 

Secretion of glutamine into interstitial fluid

C. 

reabsorption of H+

D. 

reabsorption of bicarbonate into interstitial fluid

C

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If the salivary glands were unable to secret amylase, what effect would this have on starch digestion? 

A. 

This changes nothing, no effect on digestion.

B. 

Digestion will be unable to occur at all

C. 

Digestion will solely occur in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase

D. 

Digestion would begin but be unable to break down starch

A and D

the function of the liver is to

Answers:

A. 

detoxify the blood

B. 

store and partially digest macromolecules

C. 

secrete a multitude of enzymes

D. 

Secrete Bile

(multiple)

D

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Bile is ejected from the gallbladder through the cystic duct into the ____ emptying into the ____.

A. 

common bile duct; liver

B. 

hepatic duct; duodenum

C. 

duodenum; pancreas

D. 

common bile duct; duodenum

aquaporins , posterior pitunitary

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ADH stimulates the insertion of _______ into the plasma membrane of the cells of the collecting duct. 

ADH is secreted by the ________ in response to dehydration. 

filtrate

fluid entering the glomerular capsule

countercurrent multiplier system

interaction between descending limb and ascending limb of the loop of Henle resulting in multiplication of the solute concentration in the interstitial fluid

urea

main nitrogenous waste product

aquaporin

protein channel that permits osmosis to occur; can be inserted into cell membrane in response to stimulation by ADH

peritubular capillaries

reabsorption of filtrate to blood supply,drains to veins leaving the kidney

respiratory alkalosis ; partial comp

•      Range for pH of blood: 7.35 – 7.45

•      PCO2 range: 35-45

•      Bicarbonate range: 21-26 mEq/L

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Suppose a person had an arterial pH of 7.46, an arterial PCO2 of 32 and a bicarbonate concentration of 16. What type of acid-base disturbance would this be? What is the compensation?

metabolic acidosis

•      Range for pH of blood: 7.35 – 7.45

•      PCO2 range: 35-45

•      Bicarbonate range: 21-26 mEq/l

Suppose a person with diabetes mellitus had an arterial pH of 7.30, an abnormally low arterial PCO2, and an abnormally low bicarbonate concentration. Is this acidosis or alkalosis? What type of acid-base disturbance would this be(respiratory or metabolic)?

c

All of the following are substances likely to be excreted out EXCEPT: 

A. 

H+

B. 

HCO3-

C. 

Glucose

D. 

Drugs

c

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Motility occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Selected Answer:

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Answers:

A. 

peristalsis

B. 

segmentation

C. 

enterohepatic

D. 

migrating myoelectrical complex

B

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All of the following are ways in which carbon dioxide is carried by the blood EXCEPT:

A. 

as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).

B. 

bound to oxyhemoglobin.

C. 

bound to an amino acid in hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin. 

D. 

dissolved in the plasma. 

ph rises, low

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When plasma H+ concentration decreases, ________. CO2 levels are likely to be  ______.

Selected Answer:

 

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pH lowers; low

pH rises; high

pH rises; low

pH lowers; high