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Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 in Virginia
Jamestown Massacre
1622 attack by Powhatan Confederacy on English settlers, leading to increased tensions
John Rolfe/Tobacco
Introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown, making it economically successful
Halfway Covenant
A Puritan church policy allowing partial church membership for children of baptized but unconverted members
John Winthrop
Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; promoted the idea of a “city upon a hill” as a model Christian society
Headright System
A land grant system that encouraged colonization by giving settlers land for bringing indentured servants
Roger Williams
Founder of Rhode Island; advocated for religious freedom and separation of church and state
Middle Passage
The transatlantic voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas under brutal conditions
Triangular Trade
A trade system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving goods, enslaved people, and raw materials
Chattel Slavery
A system where enslaved people were treated as personal property to be bought and sold permanently
Great Awakening
A religious revival movement in the colonies emphasizing individual piety and emotional worship
Mayflower Compact
A 1620 agreement for self-government established by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony
House of Burgesses
The first representative legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia
Mercantilism
An economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials and markets
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676 uprising of Virginia settlers against colonial governor William Berkeley over Native policy and governance
Metacom/Metacom’s War
Also known as King Philip’s War, a 1675-76 conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans
Salutary Neglect
British policy of allowing colonial self-government and lax enforcement of trade laws
Yamasee Uprising
1715 Native American rebellion in South Carolina against colonial expansion and slavery practices
Enclosure Movement
British process of consolidating farmland, which displaced many peasants and encouraged migration to colonies
Seven Years’ War
Global conflict (French and Indian War in North America) that reshaped colonial territories
Roanoke
The “Lost Colony,” an early English settlement in North Carolina that mysteriously disappeared
French & Indian War
Part of the Seven Years’ War; conflict between Britain and France for control of North America
Writs of Assistance
General search warrants used by British to enforce trade laws and combat smuggling in the colonies
Staple crops
Crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo grown primarily for export and economic profit in the colonies
Pequot War
1636-38 conflict between New England settlers and Pequot tribe, resulting in Pequot defeat and land loss