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After an overnight fast, which is most likely to occur?
Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis
The coupling of reactions for glucose phosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis can be described as
net exothermic
What is TRUE regarding metabolism of glycerol?
it can be converted into glucose in the liver
ATP regulates energy flux via regulating specific enzymes via
allosteric modification
What is not true about acetyl-CoA
can be converted into lactate
what is a characteristic of a transcription factor?
increases efficiency of metabolic regulation
Concerning cell types in the mucosa of the stomach, which correctly reflects the cell type, its secretion, and its stimulus for release
parietal cell, HCl, histamine
What is true about the cell signaling process that culminates in insulin release from the beta cell?
Golgi packages insulin in vessicles
ER:
assesses protein production quality
Cardiomyocyte:
depends upon fatty acid utilization for fuel
Who is credited for us knowing that respiration allows for fuel utilization?
Antoine Lavoisier
what is true about tRNA
brings specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
After a meal, what is true about glucose absorption
utilizes SGLT1 and sodium
How are fats digested differently from carbs
goes through the lymph and carried via a chylomicron
True/False: drastically cutting calories may cause severe hypoglycemia
false
True/false: the brain uses fatty acids as fuels during fasting
false
what cells produce lactate
all of them
what tissue consumes the most ATP (per gram)
Kidneys
What is cholesterol used for?
constituent of membrane (structure and fluidity), hormone synthesis
what makes up the plasma membrane?
cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins
True/false: all enzymatic reactions occur in the cytoplasm of the cell
false
Cori Cycle:
shuttles lactate and glucose between skeletal muscle, liver, and red blood cells
What is the greatest contributor to energy expenditure
BMR
What’s faster: glucose entering enterocyte via SGLT1 or glucose released from the hepatocyte upon glucagon stimulation?
glucose entering enterocyte via SGLT1
Describe the structure of the small intestine and how this contributes to its absorptive capacity
microvilli maximize absorption of nutrients, large surface area
Describe electrolyte balance across cells
Potassium higher inside the cell, sodium higher outside
What makes the least contribution by weight to total stored energy in the body
blood glucose
Describe the enteric nervous system, what are the 2 plexuses and what do they control
Submucosal and myenteric (innervates tissue and allows for muscle activity
Name 4 functions of HCl in gastric juice
denatures protein, acts as bacetericide, allows for release of nutrient complexes from foods, converts pepsinogen to pepsin
What is most likely used by mucosal epithelial cells lining the gut
glutamine
A kinase is a ___ which can ___ proteins.
enzyme; phosphorylate
1 calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise ___ mL of water by ___ C. This is a larger unit of energy than the joule (J). 1 calorie = ___ joules.
1;1;4.1
From an energy standpoint, if a reaction is favored it is considered ___ but will not happen in the absence of ___ energy.
exothermic; activation
True/False: RBCs can metabolize KBs
False
True/False: Liver cells utilize KBs during fasting state
False
True/False: skeletal muscle GNG is important during exercise
False
True/False: the umbrella term DRI was first made public in 1994
True
True/False: cholesterol provides dietary energy (kcal)
False
What consumes lactate, contains G6Pase enzyme, and stores energy
Hepatocyte
What consumes lactate
Neuron
What consumes lactate, needs insulin to take up glucose, and stores energy
Adipocyte
What compounds signal satiety
Leptin, CCK, Insulin
what compounds signal hunger
Ghrelin
What compounds aid in fat digestion
CCK
What compounds originate in the gut
CCK, Ghrelin, and Insulin
