An Nut 4 - All Topics

What type of Species are Poultry?

Monogastric Omnivore

Poultry rations constitute about ____ of the Feed annually mixed in the U.S.

54%

The cost of Feeding represents about ___ of the cost of Poultry Production.

70%

In Poultry Production, what type of company are most of the Producers?

Vertically Integrated

How are majority of Poultry, Birds, Laying Hens, and Turkeys raised?

In Confinement

What are the Objectives of Feeding Poultry?

• Transform nonedible materials into an edible product

• Meet the Physiological requirements of the Bird

• Be Economical

What are the Meat Type Birds?

Broilers

When are Broiler Chicks fed free choice?

For 3 Weeks, then Meal Fed until 6 Weeks

What type of Feed are Broiler Chicks fed?

Mash, Pellets, or Crumbles

What is Phased Feeding for Broilers?

• Pre-starter (0-3 wks): 23% CP

• Starter 1 (3-6 wks): 20% CP

• Starter 2 (6-8 wks): 18% CP

As the Protein Content in Broiler Diets decreases, the Energy Content _________.

Stays the same or Slightly Increases

What type of Feeding is found to improve the Feed Conversion of Broilers?

Meal Feeding

What should be given to Pullets in Starter Rations?

Low level Antibiotic and Coccidiostat

Why is Restricted Feeding desirable for Pullets?

• Slows the rate of Sexual Maturity

• Permits the development of Larger Final Body Size

• Results in Larger Egg Weights at an earlier time

• Increases Subsequent Egg Production

• Reduces Mortality

What do Broiler Diets mainly contain?

Corn for Energy and Soybean Meal for Protein

When is the Onset of Sexual Maturity for Laying Hens?

16 weeks old

How is Calcium provided to Laying Hens?

Free choice of Oyster Shell Granules or other Calcium-containing Grits

During Phase Feeding for Laying Hens, what should Producers maintain detailed records of?

• Stage and rate of Production

• Body Weight

• Feed Consumption information

• Energy and Protein Content

• Environmental Temperature

• Type of Management

When do Laying Hens peak in Production?

20-40 weeks old

What are the Phases for Laying Hens?

• Phase 1: 20-40 wks

• Phase 2: 40 wks - 65% Production

• Phase 3: 65% Production - 80 wks

When a Single Stage Ration is used instead of a Phased Ration for Laying Hens what can be used?

Levels of 15-16% CP

For Commercial Laying Hens, how is Feed provided?

Free choice

For Heavy Breed Layers, how is Feed restricted?

Based on Production Rate, Body Weight, and Environmental Temperature

What can affect Egg Size in Layers?

• Nutrition (Energy and Protein)

• Amino Acids such as Methionine and Cystine

• Total Fat

• Linoleic Acid

Excessively large eggs from Layers can negatively impact Economics. True or False?

True

If you increase the levels of the factors that affect Egg Size, what will happen?

Improve early Egg Size

If you decrease the levels of the factors that affect Egg Size, what will happen?

Control the Egg Size late in the Cycle

What can Managers use the Layers molt for?

To improve the rate of Lay, Shell Quality, and Egg Albumen Height

What does the Principle of Molting require in Layers?

Reduction of Light and Feed

What should Breeding Layers Feed contain?

• Increased levels of fat soluble Vitamins E and K

• Water soluble Vitamins Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, and Cobalamin

• Trace Mineral Manganese

What is the purpose of restricting the feed of Breeding Layers?

Prevents them from becoming overly Fat and getting Leg Problems

How can Growth reduce affect Birds?

Can reduce the incidence of Ascites and Leg Problems

What is Ascites?

Fluid accumulates in the Peritoneal Cavity of Birds

What is the practice of Restricting Feed for Breeding Layers?

Limiting Feed intake in some manner during the Growing Period

What are Nutrients for concern in Breeding Layer Rations?

• Thiamine

• Biotin

• Vitamin B12

• Manganese

• Zinc

What Nutrients need to be increased in Breeding Layer Rations?

• Riboflavin

• Pantothenic Acid

• Pyridoxine

• Folacin

What is the Ratio of Female to Male Breeding Birds?

8-10:1

Breeder Birds are fed separately. True or False? How?

True

Males get Raised Feeders. Females get Narrow limited-access Feeders

Male Breeding Birds should have their Weight checked frequently. True or False? Why?

True

Weight losses of 10-15% have been shown to decrease Fertilizing Capacity

How do Protein requirements change in Turkeys? What about Energy?

Starting Poults require 28% while Mature Breeders require 14%

Energy requirements increase for Mature Breeders

What type of Feed are recommended for Turkeys?

Mash

What type of Species are Sheep?

Ruminant Herbivore

What is the main challenge for Sheep producers?

To identify that level of Nutritional Management which will produce Optimum production

How many Ewes will fail to lamb?

5%

How many Lambs die between Birth and Weaning?

15-20%

What is the Largest Expense in the total cost of raising Sheep?

Supplying Nutrient needs

What does an Optimum Feeding System for Sheep consist of?

A planned Nutritional regimen that will result in an expected Biological and Economic response

What does Nutrition in weeks prior to and after breeding determine for Sheep?

Number of Lambs conceived

What does Nutrition during pregnancy determine for Sheep?

Number of Lambs that are born alive and Lamb birth weights

What does Nutrition during Lactation determine for Sheep?

Adequate Milk Production

What does Nutrition after weaning determine for Sheep?

Replenishing Body reserves and preparing for another Production Cycle

What do Feeding Systems for Ewes involve?

Periods when Nutrient intake exceeds requirements and when Nutrient consumption is below requirements

A Ewe’s Nutritional needs are static. True or False? Why?

False

They vary greatly with stage of Production

How is a Ewe’s Biological Clock divided?

1. Breeding

2. Gestation

3. Parturition

4. Lactation

5. Postweaning

How much Body Weight should a Ewe lose during Lactation?

5-7%

What is Flushing?

Increasing the Feed intake prior to and during Mating to increase Ovulation rate and Lambing rate

How is Flushing accomplished?

• Turning Ewes onto lush, high quality pasture just prior to Breeding

OR

• Supplement the Ewe’s regular Diet with ¼ to ½ lb of Grain/Pellets per head per day

When does Flushing usually begin? When does it end?

2 Weeks prior to joining Ewes with Rams

Continues about 2-3 Weeks into the Breeding Season

How long is the Flushing Period?

4-6 Weeks

Mature Ewes respond to Flushing better than Yearlings. True or False?

True

Flushing works better in months when Ovulation rate is highest. True or False? Why?

False

Flushing is more beneficial when producers are trying to Breed early or late during the Breeding Season

Fat Ewes will not respond to Flushing. True or False?

True

What can Poor Nutrition during Pregnancy lead to for Sheep?

Lamb deaths before, during, and soon after Lambing

During Pregnancy, the Ewe must be fed enough to meet her requirements for what?

• Maintenance

• Fleece Production

• Fetal and Tissue Development

• Growth

When is the critical time period for Placental Development for Ewes?

Between day 30-90 of Gestation

When is the critical time period for Fetal Growth for Ewes?

After day 90 of Gestation

When is the critical time period for Mammary Gland Development for Ewes?

After day 120 of Gestation

What happens during the first 15 weeks of Pregnancy in Ewes?

• Embryo becomes attached to the Uterine Wall

• Majority of Placental Development

What does poor Placental Development in Ewes result in?

• Lower Fetal Growth Rates

• Reduced Lamb Survival Rates

When is the most Critical Period in Ewe Nutrition? Why?

Last 6 weeks of Gestation

About 70% of Fetal Growth occurs at this time

What can severe undernutrition during the last 6 weeks of Gestation in Ewes cause?

• Pregnancy Toxemia

• Possibly Ewe Death

• Lowered Birth Weights

• Lamb Mortality

What does poor Nutrition during Late Pregnancy in Ewes cause?

• Lighter Lambs at Birth

• Uneven Birth Weights in Twin/Triplet Lambs

• Reduced Wool Follicle Development

• Lower Energy Reserves in Newborn Lambs

What is the Major Factor affecting Lamb Mortality?

Lamb Birth Weight

How do Lamb Birth Weights vary?

3.5-20 lbs

What does overfeeding Ewes during Pregnancy cause?

• Lambs with increased Birth Weights → Lambing difficulties

What is the Efficiency of converting Dietary Energy to Energy gain in the Fetus for Ewes?

13%

How much more Feed do Ewes bearing a single Lamb require during Late Pregnancy?

50%

How much more Feed do Ewes bearing twins require during Late Pregnancy?

75%

What is Pregnancy Toxemia?

Caused by excessive Fat Mobilization from improperly feeding Ewes in Late Pregnancy

Usually affects Ewes carrying multiple Lambs

After Lambing, when should Grain or Supplement be fed?

12-24 hours

When do Ewes reach maximum Milk Production?

2-3 weeks after Parturition, declining very rapidly after

Ewes nursing multiple lambs will produce 20-40% more Milk than those nursing singles. True or False?

True

This is also why they have higher Nutritional requirements

Ewes with multiples should be separated from Ewes with singles. True or False? Why?

True

Ewes have different Nutritional Needs

In the first month after Lambing, what does the Lambs growth primarily depend on?

Milk Production

When is Milk critical for Lambs?

First 3-4 weeks of the Lamb’s life

How can Lambs receiving inadequate amounts of Milk compensate for it?

Increase feed consumption

What is the correlation between Milk intake and live weight Gain during the first 3-4 weeks of the Lamb’s life?

0.90

For Ewes to prevent Body tissue loss during Lactation, what must happen?

Daily intake of ME Energy is three times the amount of Maintenance

It is difficult to feed a high producing Ewe enough Feed to prevent Body Tissue loss during Lactation. True or False?

True

What happens to Body Fat during Early Lactation in Ewes?

Body Fat can be safely used to meet some of the High Energy Demands

When is Milk Production of minor importance in Ewes?

8-10 weeks postpartum

What is the period of Postweaning for in Ewes?

Time for Body Condition to be adjusted so Ewes are in appropriate Body Condition a Breeding

In what period are Ewes generally overfed? Why?

Postweaning

So they can gain back the Body Weight loss during Lactation

What are Ewes fed during Postweaning? Why?

Poor Quality Forage

You want to save High Quality Forage for periods that are more Nutritionally critical

What does proper Growth and Development during the first weeks of a Newborn Lamb’s life depend on?

Milk

When is a Lamb’s Immune System fully developed?

3 weeks Old

When do Lambs stop being able to absorb intake Antibodies from Colostrum?

After 12-18 hours

Cow Colostrum can fed to Lambs if no Ewe Colostrum is available. True or False?

True

Raising Lambs on Milk Replacer is better than Ewe’s Milk. True or False? Why?

False

Milk Replacer is time consuming and expensive

What are the Advantages of Creep Feeding Lambs?

• Gets Lambs to market sooner

• Ensures Lamb is a functional Ruminant

• Increases Weight Gains, especially in Twins/Triplets

• Lambs use Supplement Feed more efficiently

• Lambs can be marketed earlier (when prices are higher)

• Reduces total Maintenance Feed requirements

• Lower risk of Death, Sickness, or Injury

• Moving Lambs to Dry Lot earlier enables producers to carry more Ewes on available Pasture