Topic 10 - Using Resources

Evaluate the use of aluminium alloy and bamboo to make bicycle frames

• bamboo renewable; Al finite

• growing bamboo uses up agricultural and; minin Al ore if polluting

• cost of Al is lower so can be replaced more frequently

• Al is stronger so can withstand larger froces

• Al has lower mass; so bike faster; is easier to carry/ transport

• Al frame lasts less long; so must be replaced more frequently

• Al is recycable so aluminium ores are conserved

• Bamboo can provide renewable heat energy - less contribituion to global warming - carbon neutra

• neither material may reach landfill

• both materials have a sustainle disposal method

Why Al alloy frame do not protection from corrosion

• Al has an oxide coating

• contact between Al alloy and water/ air/ oxygen is prevented

Suggest how bicycle cahins can be protected from rusting

coating with grease (allow galvanise/ use stainless teel as alloy)

Frames can be made with carbon fibres and polymer resin - what components are they

the resin is the matric/ binder + fibre as reinforcement

What are the two ifferent types of polymers?

condensation + addition

Why word is used to describe polymers which melt when heated?

thermosoftening

Explain why some polymers do not melt when heated?

• cross-links between polymer chains
• so too much energy needed to overcome the cross-links

How is potassium chloride obtained from the Earth?

mining

What is one other compound that could be used instead of potassium chloride to give a similar improved in agriculture

potassium sulfate

Name a compound needed to produce nitric acid

ammonia

Suggest why phosphate rock can’t be used directly as a fertiliser

it is insoluble in water

Name the salts which are produced by treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid + phosphoric acid

sulfuric acid = calcium sulfate; phosphoric acid = calcium phosphate

Why is 450 temp, 200atm and an iron catalyst used in the Haber process

• higher temp gives a higher rate since more frequent collision
• high temp gives higher rate since more particles have the activiation energy
• higher pressure gives higher rate since more frequent collision
• use of catalyst gives higher rate because activation energy is lowered
• higher temp shifts the position of equilibrium to the left because exothermic
• higher pressure shifts position to the right because more moles on LHS
• use of catalyst has no effect on position of equilibirum
• higher temp uses more energy so increases cost
• higher pressures uses more energy so more cost
• use of catalyst reduces energy cost
• the temperature chosen is compromise between rate + position of equilibirum
• temperature is compromise between rate and cost
• pressure is compromise between yield/ rate and cost

Why does a condenser increase the amount of water collected?

• less stream escapes/ more steam condenses
• because cooling is more efficent with a liebig condenser

Why does distilled water not need to be sterilised?

it is pure (so not microbes)

Why is recycling scrap copper more sustainble to obtain copper than processing copper ores?

• recycling conservers copper ores
• recycling uses less energy
• recycling reduces waste
• mining/ quarrying causes environmental impacts

Describe how copper is extracted from low-grades ores by phytomining

• grow plants on land containing copper ores
• plants are burnt
• ash dissolved in acid (to produce a solution of a copper compoun)
• electrolysis of solution// displacement of copper from the solution

Phytomining has not been widely used to extract copper - why?

• high grade ores still avaliable
• land not available
• phytomining takes a long time
• new technology

Explain how potatble water is produced from fresh water

• choose an appropraite source of resh water (rivers, streams, lake, boreholes)
• pass through filter beds, removes undissolved solids
• sterilise with chlorine/ ozone/ UV light to destroy harmful mircrobes

Suggest one process this country could use to obtain most of its potable water

distallation/ reverse osmosis

Between 1992 and 2010 the proportion of processed solid sewage sludge used as fertiliser increased. Suggest two reasons why

• increased demand for food
• conserves energy/ resources
• landfill space is running out
• increase demand for organic fertiliser

What are the main two steps to treat water from lakes?

filtration/ pass through filter beds to remove solids + sterilisation to kill microbes

Why is it more difficult to produce drinking water from waste water than from water in lakes

water needs more/ different processes + because it contains more organic matter, more microbes, toxic chemicals or detergents

How could the water be ested to show it is pure?

determine its boiling point; should be at a fixed temperature 100

Why is producing drinking water from sea water expensive?

high energy requirement

Which stage of a LCA would contain info on biodegrable and recyablility

diposal at end of useful life

Which processes are used to make ceramic plates

heating in a furnace; shaping wet clay

Describe how ceramic food plates are produced from clay

wet clay is shaped; heated in a furnace

Suggest why silver and copper are mixed with gold to make 9 carat gold rings

harder, less expensive, aesthetic reasons

Why should we use recycled copper instead of copper from copper ores

copper ores will run out; landfill sites running out; less energy used; mining causes pollution; copper from copper ore more expensive

Why is it more sustaible to make greenhouse frames from recycled aluminium than from aluminion ore

conserves finite ores; uses less energy; lower energy costs; reduces landill

Give reasons why steel should be recycled

conserve resources of iron or iron ore; avoid need for quarrying; limit amount of CO2 produced or or reduce global warming; sonserve energy resources or fossil fuels; to reduce the amount of landfill

Suggest how the reactivity series can be used to predict which metal carbonate reacts most easily when heated

the less reactive the metal, the more easily its carbonate will decompose/ react

Give reasons iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steel

iron from the blast furnace is brittle; steel produced is strong/ flexible

Explain why HDPE has a higher density than LDPE

HDPE polymer chains/ molecules are closer together; so more atoms per unit volume

How can different forms of poly(ethene) be produced from ethene?

use different reaction conditions

Name the soluble salts produced when calcium phosphate reacts with nitric acid + phosphoric acid

calciumnitrate; triple superphosphate (or calcium dihydrogenphosphate)

Phytomining has not been widely used to extract copper

high grade ores still available; land not available; phytomining takes a long time; new technology

What is Bronze an alloy of

Copper and Tin

Suggest reasons why stainless steel is suitable for making spoons

doesn’t corrode; does not react with water; is hard

Advantages + disadvantages of addition polymers

• lower cost/ cheaper

• lower density

• weaker/ more likely to break

• harder to dispose of

Plan an investigation to show that both water and air are needed for iron to rust

• 3 test tubes containing nails
• 1 - open test tube with water
• 2 - stoppered test tube wih drying agent
• 3 - test tube with boiling water + seal with oil
• leave for several days
• observe results

Magnesium is fixed to some steel ships. How does this prevent steel from rusting?

Magnesium is more reactinve than iron; so provides a sacrifical protection