Stereopsis and Fusion Tests

Titmus Fly Stereotest

One of the most widely used clinical tools to measure stereopsis.

Quantify stereoacuity and can also detect ARC.

Titmus Fly Stereotest is used for?

For all patients with bifocal fixation and is especially useful for quick screening to determine whether both eyes are functioning together.

Titmus Fly Stereotest is recommended for?

Moderate

The level of dissociation for Titmus Fly Stereotest is?

3,000-3,552 arc seconds

Titmus fly measures how many arc seconds?

Finest Level

In Titmus Fly Stereotest, the 40 arc seconds in the 9th circle represents the?

• Facultative

• Obligatory

Types of Suppression? (2)

Facultative Suppression

Suppression that occurs only under binocular conditions.

Obligatory Suppression

Suppression that persists even when one eye is tested alone.

• Peripheral Sensory Fusion

• Foveal Suppression

• Diplopia

• ARC

Worth Four Dot Test (W4D) is used to evaluate? (4)

Highly Dissociating Test

What type of dissociation does W4D test have?

Reduced stereopsis

W4D is highly valuable for patients with?

Red Filter over OD and Green Filter over OS

For W4D, the patient wears?

• 2-3 Dots - Suppression of one eye

• 5 Dots - Diplopia

• 4 Dots - Fusion

For W4D:

• 2-3 Dots?

• 5 Dots?

• 4 Dots?

Bagolini Striated Glasses

It is used to evaluate binocular function.

• Suppression

• Microtropia

• Diplopia

• ARC

• Manifest Deviations

BSGT is particularly valuable in detecting? (5)

W4D and Prism Cover Test

BSGT Test is performed with other clinical procedures such as?

Pseudofovea

A new, alternative fixation point on the retina that the eye uses to stabilize vision when the true fovea is damaged by disease or injury.

• Detects suppression

• Differentiates NRC from ARC

• Identifies diplopia and its characteristics

• Helps determine the presence and direction of a pseudofovea

• Evaluates peripheral sensory fusion

Clinical Uses of BSGT? (5)

Less dissociating than Double Maddox Rod Test and more “natural” for the patient.

What type of dissociation does BSGT have?

Cyclodeviations (torsional misalignment)

Double Maddox Rod Test is used to measure?

• Fourth Nerve Palsy (Superior Oblique Palsy)

• Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)

• Other conditions with suspected torsional involvement

DMR is particularly useful in cases of? (3)

Ocular deviations at near

Maddox Wing Test is used to measure?

• Heterophorias (Latent deviations)

• Small heterotropias (manifest deviations) at near, provided normal retinal correspondence (NRC) is present.

• Symptomatic patients with diplopia of uncertain cause.

• Unsuspected torsional deviations, even when asymptomatic.

The Maddox Wing is primarily used to measure? (4)