A&P 1: Skeletal System

Parts of the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Parts of the appendicular skeleton

upper & lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

Function of the thoracic cage

protection of the heart & lungs

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12

Which ribs are true ribs?

1-7

What (specifically) connects true ribs to the sternum

costal cartilage

What is another name for “true ribs”

Vertebrosternal ribs

Which ribs are false ribs?

8-10

Ribs 8 to 10 are joined by ______ to costal cartilage of rib 7 and then to the sternum

common cartilage

Ribs 8 to 10 are joined by common cartilage to ___ of rib 7 and then to the sternum

Costal cartilage

Ribs 8 to 10 are joined by common cartilage to costal cartilage of ___ and then to the sternum

rib 7

Ribs 8 to 10 are joined by common cartilage to costal cartilage of rib 7 and then to the ___

sternum

What is another name for “false ribs”

Vertebrochondral ribs

Which ribs are “floating ribs”

11-12

What is another name for “floating ribs”

Vertebral ribs

What is this?

Sternum

Functions of the vertebral column: Support ___ & ___

Trunk, head

Functions of the vertebral column: protect ___

spinal cord

Functions of the vertebral column: allow ___ to extend (off of spinal cord)

spinal nerves

Functions of the vertebral column: attachment point for ___; allow for ___

muscles, movement

How many bones make up the vertebral column in an adult?

26

How many bones make up embryo vertebral column?

33 - 34

How many bones fuse to form the sacrum

5

How many coccygeal fuse to form the coccyx

3-5

What are the regions of the vertebral column

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral bone, coccygeal bone

Cervical annotations

C1-C7

Thoracic Annotations

T1-T12

Lumbar annotations

L1-L5

Sacral bone annotation

S

Coccygeal bone annotation

CO

What are the four major curvatures in adults?

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral/Coccygeal

Which way does the cervical curvature curve?

Anteriorly

Which way does the thoracic curvature curve?

posteriorly

Which way does the lumbar curvature curve?

anteriorly

Which way does the sacral/coccygeal curvature curve?

posteriorly

At birth, vertebral column is “_” shaped

C

When does the cervical curve appear?

When head is raised

When does lumbar curve develop

When sitting and walking begin

What is lordosis?

Exaggeration of lumbar

What is kyphosis?

Exaggeration of thoracic; "hunchback”

What is scoliosis?

Lateral, often accompanied by kyphosis

Where are intervertebral disks located

between adjacent vertebrae

What are the functions of intervertebral disks

prevent vertebrae from rubbing together & support of the trunk and head

What do intervertebral disks consist of

fibrocartilage

What happens to intervertebral disks with age?

become compressed & more susceptible to herniation

what is a herniated disk

breakage or ballooning of the intervertebral disk

What may a herniated disk push against (impairing function and causing pain)

spinal nerves

Cervical vertebrae have very ___ bodies

small

Cervical vertebrae tend to have ___ spinous processes

bifid

Cervical vertebrae have transverse ___

foramina

Atlas has no what?

spinous process

Which vertebrae is atlas

C1

What does the atlas (C1) allow for

nodding motion

Which vertebrae is axis

C2

What motion does axis (C2) allow for

shaking head

What is vertebral prominence

most prominent spinous process in area

Which vertebrae usually has the most prominent spinous process in area? (cervical)

C7

Superior articular facets face which way (cervical)

superiorly

inferior facets face which way (cervical)

inferiorly

whats this

cervical vertebrae

whats this

thoracic vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae have a longer ___

transverse process

What do the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae attach to (T1-T10)

ribs

Most ribs have heads to articulate with how many vertebrae?

2

whats this

lumbar vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae have large thick ___

bodies

Lumbar vertebrae have heavy rectangular ___ and ____

transverse and spinous processes

Superior articular facets face ___ (lumbar)

medially

inferior articular facets face ___ (lumbar)

laterally

Lumbar vertebrae have added what

strength

Lumbar vertebrae have limited what

motion

T/F: the number of fused vertebrae that make up the sacrum per person can vary

True

Coccyx is commonly known as what

tailbone

The vertebrae that make up the sacrum are __ (fused/semi-fused/not fused)

fused

The vertebrae that make up the coccyx are __ (fused/semi-fused/not fused)

semi-fused

Hip bone is formed as a fusion of embryonic ___,___,___

ilium, ischium, pubis

Ilium, ischium and pubis contribute to what

acetabulum

The false pelvis is ___ to pelvic brim

superior

The true pelvis is ___ to pelvic brim

inferior

what is the pubic symphysis composed of

fibrocartilage

What are the two girdles in the appendicular skeleton

pectoral & pelvic

What bones make up the upper limbs

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

What bones make up the lower limbs

femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

The femur is what bone shape

long bone

the occipital bone is what bone shape

flat bone

the vertebrae are what bone shape

irregular

the carpal bones are what bone shape

short bone

the patella is what bone shape

sesamoid bone

what bone shape is this

long

what bone shape is this representing

flat

what shape bone is this

irregular

what bone shape is this representing

short

What does the skeletal system support

muscles

What does the skeletal system protect

organs

What connects muscle to bone

tendons

What does the skeletal system store

calcium phosphorus

what is hematopoiesis

blood cell production

What are the types of cartilage

fibrocartilage, hyaline, elastic

Chondroblasts do what

build/form cartilage; lay down extracellular matrix