Introduction to Neurology and Neurogenic Disorders

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering the historical figures, anatomical terminology, neuronal structures, and brain landmarks outlined in the neurology lecture notes.

Norman Geschwind (1926-1984)

Father of behavioral neurology at Harvard University Medical School who returned language study (aphasia, agnosias, apraxia) to a place of importance.

Noam Chomsky

Linguist who proposed that language is an innate, neurologic process rather than a trained habit, revolutionizing the understanding of syntax.

Pierre Paul Broca

French physician who in 1861 localized language to the left hemisphere and identified that lesions in the frontal lobe (Broca's area) produce expressive or motor aphasia.

Carl Wernicke

Neurologist who in 1874 identified the auditory speech center in the temporal lobe and developed an early language model.

Sigmund Freud

Neurologist who in 1891 identified agnosias as disorders of cortical sensory recognition.

Joseph Dejerine

Neurologist who in 1892 identified the mechanisms underlying reading disorders.

Hugo Liepmann

Neurologist who in 1900 identified apraxia.

Wilder G. Penfield

Neurosurgeon who performed cortical mapping following World War II.

Somatic System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls bodily movement and innervates sensory organs.

Autonomic System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates visceral organs and operates under involuntary control.

Dendrites

Short processes attached to the neuronal cell body that conduct energy distal to proximal towards the cell body (afferent).

Axons

Long neuronal processes originating at the axon hillock that conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body (efferent) to muscles, glands, and other neurons.

Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells responsible for forming the myelin lining around axons in the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Schwann Cells

Also known as neurislemma cells, these cells produce the myelin sheath around axons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune inflammatory disease in which groups of myelin segments degenerate, disrupting nerve impulse conduction.

Longitudinal Fissure

Deep cerebral fissure penetrating to the corpus callosum that contains the falx cerebri and separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

Transverse Fissure

Cerebral fissure containing the tentorium cerebelli that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

Central Sulcus

Also known as the Fissure of Rolando, this landmark separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Lateral Sulcus

Also known as the Sulcus of Sylvius, this landmark separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

Precentral Gyrus

Gyrus in the frontal lobe that acts as the common motor pathway to skeletal muscles for voluntary control on the contralateral side of the body.

Postcentral Gyrus

Gyrus located in the parietal lobe that serves as the principal somatic sensory area.

Angular Gyrus

Gyral structure in the parietal lobe involved in reading comprehension.

Supramarginal Gyrus

Gyral structure in the parietal lobe involved in word recognition.

Heschl's Gyrus

Also known as the transverse temporal gyrus, it serves as the primary auditory cortex and cortical center for hearing.

Perisylvian Zone

Brain region comprising Broca's area, Wernicke's area, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and connecting longitudinal association tracts involved in language.

Neuron Anatomy Diagram

Labeled anatomical structure of a neuron showing dendrites, soma (cell body), nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminal button.

Language Areas Diagram

Anatomical localization showing Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.