Small Animal medical nursing 2

in the practice model, there are 4 parts to the data base. What are those 4 parts

Signalment

History

Physical exam

Consultation

What are 2 technical evaluation In the practice model

Physiologic response- not diagnosis

Prioritize- essentially triage

name 2 things that are involved in the nursing plan

Interventions for problems

Alleviate

Reevaluation in the practice model is used to do what 2 things

Monitor response

New nursing plan

What format do medical records use

SOAP

What is the etiology of respiratory disease

Variable

Virus, bacteria, structural

Name some results of respiratory diseases

Inflammation/ irritation

Obstruction/ restriction

List some clinical signs of respiratory disease

Nasal discharge

Serous- watery

Mucoid- mucous

Mucopurlent- mucous / pus

Hemorrhagic- blood

The nasal discharge is said to be bilateral, which means what…

The discharge is coming out of both nostrils

If the nasal discharge is unilateral, what does that mean

This means that the discharge is only coming out of one nostril

List 3 results from nasal discharge

Congestion

Inspiratory Dyspnea

Anorexia

A cat is seen sneezing, this can indicate what..

Viral infections that may be contagious

The animal has an obstruction in the airway. Name the 2 types of inspiration sounds

Stertor

Stridor

What would a non reproductive cough from the feline sound like

Dry cough

Tracheal palpation

True or false, pleural effusions restrict ventilation

True

Define orthopnea in the canine

Extended necks

Elbow abduction

If a cat is dyspnic, what will they look like

They would be in sternal recumbency and they may or may not open mouth breath

Dyspnea on Inspiratory in the upper airway involves which structure

Upper airway

Slow / deep

Expiratory Dyspnea involves and what would it sound like

Lower airway and would sound shallow / rapid

Name all the aspects that are effected by cardiovascular disease

Vascular

Valves

Muscle

What percentage of cats get myocardial disease

>80%

A canine has cardiovascular disease. Where would you find it and what percentage of dogs would get it

Valvular >75%

In tremendous compensation, how would the patient maintain CO

Increase in chronotropy and inotropy

Name the parameters of asymptomatic tremendous compensation

Until compensatory failure

Requires frequent monitoring

Owners education

Resting respiratory rate

Heart failure is defined as

Inadequate tissue perfusion

Inadequate tissue perfusion includes what

Tachypnea

Exercise intolerance- canine

Weakness

Pallor with increases crt

Weight loss , anorexia in feline

Congestive heart failure is defined as

Decrease in venous return and fluid overload

CHF is most commonly found on what side of the heart and what does it cause

It is found on the left side of the heart and it causes pulmonary edema and pleural effusion in cats

Where would you find CHF on the right side of the heart

3rd space effusions

List some clinical signs of left sided CHF

ØRespiratory compromise

ØHypoxia / hypoxemia

ØAbnormal respiratory sounds

ØCoughing

ØCanine

Night time

List some clinical of right side CHF

Venous distension

Ascites

Hepatomegaly

Effusions / edema

What is emergency CHF

O2

Diuretics

Centesis

• caution

What is primary cardiomyopathy

No other disease process

Systemic

Cardiovascular

define secondary cardiomyopathy

other disease

hyperthyroid

viral

a patient has primary cardiomyopathy, what would we be concerned about

we would be concerned about the ventricular muscle of the left ventricle

if a patient is exhibiting pain, cold, they are not using their back limbs and has no pulse, they are most likely exhibiting what?

they are most likely exhibiting ATE

true or false, the biggest cause of ATE is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

true

why is the animal not using their back limbs a risk of ATE?

because they wont receive blood

define dilated cardiomyopathy -

the chambers of the heart are big and the walls are thin and the heart cannot pump blood

true or false, dilated cardiomyopathy is most common in canines than felines

true

in cardiomyopathy, which side is the problem most common in. the left or the right

it is more of a problem in the left side

arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is also known as

boxer cardiomyopathy

in primary cardiomyopathy, what is the second most common thing?

restrictive / unclassified cardiomyopathy

what is the difference between restrictive and unclassified primary cardiomyopathy

the differences are the ventricle walls are normal and the function is near normal

why is dengenerative cardiomyopathy so dangerous?

because it grow worse and worse over time

in the canine, what parts of the heart are affected and by what percent

mitral- 60%

30%- both

10% right

what happens if the heart has an insufficient function

the heart leaks and the animal can have a heart murmur

in progressive cardiomyopathy, what structure has the failure of the forward flow of blood

the av valves that leak

what happens if blood leaks backwards from the atrium?

the blood will not flow forward

the scientific name for heartworm is

Dirofilaria Immitis

name the intermediate host for heartworm

the mosquito

Dirofilaria immitis has a prepatent period of

60 days

how many heartworms can the canine have and how long can they live in the heart?

30 or more

they can live up to 7 years

in the feline, how many heartworms can they have and how long can they live

the feline can have up to 1-3 worms that can live up to 3 years

how can we diagnose heartworm?

blood test for microfilaria

knotts test to test for antigens

true or false, antigens on the knotts test detects males

false, it does not detect males

how can we treat heartworm in the canine?

stabalize them first

adulticide

microfilaricide later

what is the RTE risk consist of

fever, cough, hemopytis

restrict exercise

Are we able to treat felines for heartworm, if not, why so?

we are not able to treat them for heartworm because it is difficult, not approved and its not safe, but we can monitor and do supportive therapy.

in systemic hypertension, what is the systolic mm and what is it when the patient is calm

systolic- >180 mm Hg

CALM- 160-179mm Hg

what percentage of systemic hypertension is primary?

<20%

what percentage of systemic hypertension is secondary?

>80%

name some of the associated diseases with systemic hypertension

chronic kidney disease

hyperthyroidism

cushings diseases

diabetes melitus

what becomes a concern in systemic hypertension

detached retina

acute blindness

if cats are at what age, they have the possibility of getting systemic hypertension

>10 years

q 6-12 months

name the 3 results of gastrointenstinal disease

inflammation

irritation

obstruction

list the 3 associated signs of GI disease

dysphagia- they cant swallow

hypersalivation

gagging

name some other clinical signs of digestive system problems

vomiting - signs of stomach contraction

forceful expulsion

stomach

what are some associated signs with the digestive system

may or may not be nauseous

anxious

hypersalivation

lip smacking

true or false, the contents of the gi tract can give us a better idea of what is going on

true

if the patient has diarrhea coming from the large bowel, what are some things we could see

volume- normal to decreased

mucous- common

blood- hematochezia

the frequency is increased

tenesmus - straining

common- weight loss

define hematochezia

bleeding into the colon

what would we see if the diarrhea comes from the small bowel

volume- increased

mucous- uncommon

blood- melena

frequency - normal

tenesmus

in pancreatitis, trypsin activation digests what

trypsin digests proteins

true or false, pancreatitis is acute in most canines

true

list some risk factors of pancreatitis

diet

high fat meals

trauma

pancreatic hypoperfusion

is pancreatitis chronic more in cats or dogs?

it is chronic more in felines

list some of the clinical signs of pancreatitis in canines

anorexia

vomiting

abdominal pain

fever

diarrhea

name some of the clinical signs of pancreatitis in felines

anorexia

weight loss

lethargy

vomiting

hypothermia

name some severe acute clinical signs of pancreatitis in felines

DIC

hypotension

organ failure

how can we diagnose pancreatitis

blood work or a PLI

what are different diagnostic imaging techniques that are used to diagnose pancreatitis

biopsy

name 2 types of therapy for pancreatitis

supportive - fluids

analgesics- severe pain

what is EPI in the pancreas

not enough enzymes

define maldigestion

no digestion

define malabsorption

no absorption

list some clinical signs of EPI in the pancreas

polyphagia

chronic diarrhea

large volume

greasy

pale

b12 deficiency

in hepatobiliary, what is enterohepatic circulation defined as

through the portal to the intenstines through bile - small intenstine

what is hepatic encephalopathy

toxins in the blood that stream into the brain

PSS is the abbreviation for

portal systemic shunt

what happens to the felines metabolism when they have hepatic lipidosis

the lipids are altered

and they accumulate in the liver cells

• loss of function

name some clinical signs of feline hepatic lipodosis

weight loss

vomiting

icterus

hepatomegaly

what is the prognosis of feline hepatic lipidosis

potentially lethal

rapid aggressive therapy

if a feline that has hepatic lipidosis, and they stop eating, will they eat again?

no, if they stop eating then they wont eat again

true or false, chronic hepatitis is more of a concern in cats than it is in dogs?

false, its more of a concern in dogs

list of some of the many causes of chronic hepatitis in the canine

viruses, toxins, leptospirosis

how much of the liver stops functioning if the patient has chronic hepatitis?

clinical loss >75%

how can we diagnose chronic hepatitis?

blood work and biopsy

there are two types portal systemic shunts. name those two types

congenital vs acquired

extrahepatic portal systemic shunt is congenital because…

the blood from the intenstine flows to the portal vein to the liver