Unit 7 APHUG

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Effects of Industrial Revolution

jobs in cities (urbanization), increased food supply (population growth), need for raw materials and new markets (colonialism, imperialism)

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce in the 1700s and 1800s

seed drill

machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows, invented by Jethro Tull

reaper

A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field

thresher

Machines that separate grains and seeds from plants

crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

Enclosure Acts

a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

First country to industrialize

Great Britain

Great Britain's resources to industrialize

coal, iron, and available capital for investment

textile

woven cloth

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once

Flying Shuttle

was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

Flying shuttle and spinning Jenny

made cotton and wool production more efficient

industry

economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.

Steam Engine (James Watt)

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

Social effects of industrial revolution

urbanization, new social structures (industrial workers), child labor, beginning of paid jobs for women

cottage industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods.

raw materials

Unprocessed natural products used in production

raw materials from India

cotton, jute, tea, rubber

raw materials from Africa

iron, copper, cobalt, wood, gold, diamonds, ivory, oil. rubber

colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Economic Sectors

"sections" of an economy. The three main sectors are the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

Primary Sector

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment (farming, mining, logging, etc..)

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Tertiary Sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods (tour guide, waiter, housecleaner, sales clerk)

Quaternary Sector

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, insurance, real estate, and legal services.

Quinary Sector

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

service sector jobs

Produces a service rather than a product. Information processing, finance, medicine, transportation, education. (aka tertiary, quaternary, quinary)

LDCs / periphery

most people work in primary sector

LDCs / semi-periphery

more jobs in secondary sector (manufacturing)

MDCs / Core

More jobs in service sectors (tertiary, quaternary, quinary)

labor costs

costs involving the compensation of employees for their work

Break-of-bulk point

A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.

container shipping

has made it easier to combine water transportation with land transportation

factors that affect locations of factories

labor availability, labor cost, environmental laws, access to markets

least cost theory

a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the location of raw materials, cost of transport and labor

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Deglomeration

The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration.

Bulk-Reducing Activity

An industry in which the final product is smaller and lighter than the inputs it is made of (ex: ethanol production)

material-oriented location

when the location of an industry is close to where the raw materials are produced

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs (example- beverage bottling, car production)

market oriented location

when the location of an industry is close to where the product will be sold

Formal Economy

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy

informal economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy

Human Development Index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year. (similar to GNI)

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

The value PER PERSON of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

income distribution

The way the national income is divided into "shares" ranging from the poor to the rich.

fertility rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country (2.1 is the benchmark for zero population growth)

infant mortality rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society. (global average is 30, MDCs under 5, Sub-Saharan Africa highest with 60+)

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births (US=15, most MDCs=under 5, South Asia=150, Sub-Saharan Africa=300)

Literacy Rate

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Reproductive Health

access to care for women to manage childbirth, including access to contraception/family planning, pre-natal care, medical services available for childbirth (affects maternal mortality rate), and care for newborns (affects infant mortality rate)

labor and delivery

AKA: childbirth or parturition, a process that occurs in 3 stages - dilation, delivery of the baby, and expulsion of the afterbirth

obstetrician

A doctor who specializes in pregnancy, labor, and delivery

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

labor force participation

the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

female empowerment

When women and girls acquire the power to act freely, exercise their rights, and fulfill their potential as full and equal members of society (measured in the GII through educational attainment and parliamentary representation)

female parliamentary representation

the percent of women elected to the legislatures in a country

female education

the global trend is that more girls are being educated in all parts of the world. However, female education is still lower in the periphery and semi-periphery

wage gap

the difference between the amount paid to women vs men (hint, men generally are paid more)

Microloan

a very small, short-term loan often associated with entrepreneurs in developing countries (microloans to women in LDCs often can be very effective)

raw materials

Unprocessed natural products used in production

Care work

time spent, often unpaid, looking after the old, the young, or the sick

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

sees the world economy as an interdependent core, periphery and semi-periphery

core country

developed, economically, socially thriving w/ technology EX. US, Canada, Western Europe

semi-periphery

countries that have more industrialization than a periphery but less wealth than a core country

periphery countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

goods sold to periphery

high value consumer goods produced in the core or semi-periphery (cars, appliances, smart phones, etc…)

commodities imported into the core

cocoa, coffee, sugar, bananas, cobalt, copper, oil, etc…

BRICMS / MCRIBS

Way to remember the main semi-periphery countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Mexico, South Africa)

Wallerstein

core/periphery

world systems theory

Wallerstein

Rostow's Stages of Development

traditional society Stage 1, preconditions for take-off Stage 2, take-off Stage 3, drive to maturity Stage 4, high mass consumption Stage 5

Rostow Stage 1

traditional society- (farming, pre-industrial)

Rostow Stage 2

Preconditions for Takeoff (increased food production, beginning of industrialization)

Rostow Stage 3

takeoff (industrialization and urbanization)

Rostow Stage 4

drive to maturity (expansion of industry to consumer goods, infrastructure)

Rostow Stage 5

age of mass consumption (primary sector minimized, consumer and luxury goods common, urban society)- "the Capital"!

difference between Rostow and Wallerstein

Rostow's is linear- everyone can develop; Wallerstein is interdependent- the core develops by exploiting the periphery

commodity

a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.

difference between goods and commodities

commodities are raw materials (minerals, timber, oil, rubber, etc) or unprocessed agricultural output (bananas, wheat, coffee, palm oil), but goods are products that have been manufactured using a variety of raw materials

commodity dependence

An economy that relies on the export of one type of raw materials for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth

Commodity dependence good or bad

Bad

Why Commodity dependence is bad

if you rely mainly on one product, then your economy is vulnerable to shifts in demand or price for that product

Dependency Theory

the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

core/periphery sounds a lot like…

dependency theory

Interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

Global Economy

the interdependent economies of the world's nations, regarded as a single economic system

interconnected

mutually joined or related

Deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment