PSYC 2040 Exam Final Part 3: Liking and Loving/Helping and Altruism CH. 7, 8

Social Support

The approval, assistance, advice, and comfort that we receive from those with whom we have developed stable positive relationships

Close Relationships

Loving, caring, commitment, and intimacy

Physical Attractiveness

In initial encounters, the physical attractiveness of their partners

Interpersonal Attraction

The strength of our liking or loving for another person

"Beautiful is Good Stereotype"

The belief that external attractiveness signifies positive internal qualities

Personality Characteristics

kindness, humor, dependability, intelligence, and sociability

The Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes

Perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics, such as sociability and competence -HALO EFFECT-

Mere Exposure Effect

The tendency to prefer stimuli (including people) that we have seen frequently

Misattribution of Attraction

"Arousal caused by the height of a bridge was misattributed as attraction by the men who were being interviewed by an attractive woman as they crossed the bridge

Comunal Relationships

Giving support to the partner in order to meet his or her needs, and without consideration of the costs to themselves

Reciprocal Self-disclosure

The tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner

Exchange Relationships

Partners keep track of his or her contributions to the partnership

Sunk Costs Bias

When we choose to stay in situations largely because we feel we have put too much effort in to be able to leave them behind

Robert Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love

Different combinations of cognitive and affective variables, specified in terms of passion, intimacy, and commitment

Intimacy

Based on caring, warmth, acceptance

Passion

Increasing in arousal and sexual attraction

Commitment

Feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship

Romantic Love

Has cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and that it occurs cross-culturally

Passionate Love

The kind of love that we experience when we are first getting to know a romantic partner

Companionate Love

Love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, common interests, mutual respect, and concern for each other's welfare

Consummate Love

Has all three of the components, whereas the other types of love are made up of only one or two of the three components

Attachment Style

Individual differences in how people relate to others in close relationships

Secure Attachment Styles

Children perceive their parents as safe, available, and responsive caregivers and are able to relate easily to them

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style

Becoming overly dependent upon the parents and continually seeking more affection from them then they can give

Avoidant Attachment Style

Children become unable to relate to the parents at all, becoming distant, fearful, and cold

Oxytocin

A hormone that is important in female reproduction that also influences social behaviors, including the development of long-term romantic attachements

Altruism

Helping another without expecting a reward

Reciprocal Altruism

The idea that, if we help other people now, they will return the favor should we need their help in the future

Principles of Social Learning

Suggest that people will be more likely to help when they recieve rewards for doing so

Principles of Social Reinforcement

When we have more time to help, then helping is less costly and we are more likely to do it

Social Norms of Morality

Standards of behavior that we see as appropriate and desirable regarding helping

The Reciprocity Norm

A social norm reminding us that we should follow the principles of reciprocal altruism

the Social Responsibility Norm

tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation for future paybacks

Personal Distress

The negative emotions that we may experience when we view another persons suffering

Empathy

An affective response in which a person understands, and even feels, another person's distress and experiences events the way the other person does

Empathy is:

A biological aspect of human nature (creates emotions like sympathy, compassion, and tenderness)

The Bystander Effect (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

The more people there are observing an event, the less likely there will be given help

Noticing (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

Notice it's an emergency has to happen first in order to provide help

Interpreting (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

the problem is that events are frequently ambiguous, and we must interpret them to understand what they really mean

Pluralistic Ignorance (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

Occurs when people base their judgements on what they think the others are thinking

Taking Responsibility (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

We still need to decide that it is our responsibility to do something

Diffusion of Responsibility (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

Occurs when we assume that others will take action and therefore, we do not take action ourselves

Implementing Action (Latane and Darley's Model of Helping)

People who do have training in how to act in emergencies are more likely to help

Altruistic or Prosocial Personality

People who are more helpful than others across a variety of situations

The Altruistic Personality

Tending to show empathy and sympathy for others, and feel that it is appropriate and right to follow the norm of social responsibility

Just World Beliefs

Beliefs that people get what they deserve in life