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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
One of the Enlightenment thinkers, social reformer
Voltaire
Enlightenment thinker
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
known for comic opera
Giovanni Battista Sammartini
one of the composers in Milan that began to write the first concert symphonies
Johann Stamitz
first symphony composer to use a 4 movement plan, his orchestra was known for dynamic range and effect
Elector Palatine
His court was one of the most active musical centers in Europe
Joseph Haydn
employment with Esterhazys, freedom to experiment, father of symphonies and string quartet, style was simple, motives with variations, uses humor
Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy
Hungarian, employed Haydn
W. A. Mozart
child prodigy, traveled, combined galant style with learned style, incorporated opera buffa and seria, gave orchestra greater importance, more feeling in pieces
Archbishop Colloredo
Patron of Mozart
Lorenzo da Ponte
librettist for Mozart’s operas
Ludwig van Beethoven
combined style of Mozart and Haydn, piano virtuoso, incorporated drama and heroicism into music
Prince Karl von Lichnowsky
Beethoven’s patron
Prince Franz Joseph von Lobkowitz
Beethoven’s patron, hosted first performance of Eroica
Prince Kinsky
Beethoven’s patron
Archduke Rudolph
Beethoven’s patron
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general during the French Revolution
Galant style
courtly, short melodies, repeated phrases, accompaniment with simple harmony
Learned style
baroque style, imitation and counterpoint
period
2 or more phrases
Schema
formulas used to compose
Comic opera
funny opera
simple recitative
accompanied by only harpsichord or basso
Accompanied recitative
full orchestra accompaniment
De capo aria
no developed musical motive
Sinfonia
Italian opera overture
Symphony
a work of 3 or 4 movements, homophonic, without division between orchestra and soloists
Instrumental sonata
sonata written for a specific instrument
Instrumental Concerto (solo)
solo instrument with orchestra
Early sonata form
2 main sections, first section has 1 period (tonic to dominant), second section has 2 periods (starts with dominant, begins and ends in tonic)
Late sonata form
3 part form: exposition (tonic to dominant), development (dominant and noodles), recapitulation (tonic)
String quartet
written for amateurs, 2 violins, viola, and cello
Alberti Bass
arpeggiated accompaniment of chords
Sturm und Drang
storm and stress
Ritornello form
theme repeats between contrasting sections
Heiligenstadt Testament
discussed his deafness, its isolating effect, his contemplation of suicide, and his decision to continue on for the sake of his art
Heroic style
what Beethoven used in his compositions, drama, Greek mythology