living in a group of individuals of the same species that exchange information on a regular basis and cooperate in one way or another for reasons other than mating.
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Social species exhibit cooperative care of offspring-members of a society coopertate collectively in the care of young. In addition, in social species there is reproductive division of labor-there are individuals in a society who mate and lay eggs and others who never have that opportunity. Finally in most of the highly developed societies, generations overlap so that offspring can grow up to assist their parents in care of the young.
What are the three main characteristics that define sociality?
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One advantage is enhanced defense against enemies. Another advantage of living in a group is that it reduces the probability that any individual can get singled out and eaten. Another benefit is that living in a group can improve success at raising young. Group living also improves the likelihood that an individual will find and secure food. One additional benefit of group living is that, in a group, individuals are not so much at the mercy of the environment as they are individually.
What are some of the advantages of living in groups?
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Termite colonies have both a king and a queen. The termites also have child labor, in which immature individuals, beginning about the second instar, begin to care for the very yound and never do anything else. Termites regularly engage in the process of anal trophallaxis-exchange of fluids from anus to mouth.
How are termites colonies different than ant colonies?
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Because the ovipositor was used for egg laying, an activity males don't take part in, it was only females which developed a stinger.
Why can only female hymenopterans sting?
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Martin Lindauer has discovered that the image of the "busy bee" is something of a muth. He came to the conclusion that while they do perform many different duties during the course of their adult life, they spend most of their time-up to 70%-hanging around the hive, just resting.
What did Martin Lindauer discover about bees?
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Jay Swammerdam discovered that the royal bee was indeed a queen and not a king.
What did Jay Swammerdam discover in 1637?
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The round dance is used when nectar sources are about 10 yards away or closer. A C-shaped or sickle dance indicates that nectar or pollen sources are between 10 and 100 yards away. The waggle dance is conducted nectar source is more than 100 yards distant.
What are the three different "dances" bees do to communicate food sources?
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Honey can contain andromedotoxin which is a potent toxin.
What can honey contain that is dangerous for people?
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Apiculture
beekeeping
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Romans kept 9 different types of beehives.
How many different types of bee hives did the Romans keep?
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The major innovation in beekeeping that was invented by A.D. 500 was the upright hive.
What was the major innovation in beekeeping that was invented by A.D. 500?
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The father of modern beekeeping is Charles Darwin. The bee space is simply the crawl space that bees need to pass easily between two structures.
Who was the father of modern beekeeping and what is "bee space"?
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Bees secrete waxs from glands underneath their abdoman.
From what organ do bees secrete wax?
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Pollination is the most important contribution made by insects to human health and well-being.
What is the most important contribution made by insects to human health and well-being?
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Pollen is protein, and nectar is a carbohydrate. For the most part pollen is fed tobee larvae, and is also fed to queen bees. Nectar is the regular daily food for worker and drone bees and is stored in honeycomb, dehydrated, and made into honey.
How do pollen and nectar differ?
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Midges pollinate chocolate and chocolate comes from the shiny red seeds of "beans' ' of the catcao tree.
What does chocolate come from and what insect pollinates it?
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Herbivore
an organism that only eats plants.
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Sucking insects generally feed on the vascular sap or phloem of plants, that moves from the leaves where photosynthesis takes place and which is therefore rich in carbohydrates, and on the xylem, which moves up from the roots carrying water and mineral nutrients from the soil.
What parts of the plant do insects with sucking mouthparts utilize?
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Sucking insect's mouth parts are modified to manufacture two different types of saliva. One is injected into the plant and hardens to form a sheath in which the thin probing mouthparts can move around freely. Another kind of saliva breaks down starches and cell walls to make sucking easier.
How are a sucking insect's mouth parts modified to feed on plants?
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The midgut is the site where most food processing takes place.
What part of the insect gut digests most food?
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Butterflies go to "puddle clubs" that are around mud puddles, bird droppings, and animal urine to compensate for the lack of sodium in plants.
How do butterflies compensate for the lack of sodium in plants?
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Fossil evidence suggests that insects first appeared on each some 400 million years ago and it is likely that many of the early colonists of dry land were herbicorous.
When did insects first appear in the fossil record?
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The Second Agricultural Revolution began around the fifteenth centruy and is continuing today.
When was the Second Agricultural Revolution?
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"generation time"
the time it takes to run through the generational cycle of egg, larva, pupa, adult, egg.
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The Intertropical Convergence Zone is a narrow zone 25 to 300 miles wide where northern- and southern-hemisphere air masses converge. This is important becuase at convergence zones, air flows upward and, as it moves upward, it expands and cools.
What is the Intertropical Convergence Zone and why is it important?
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King Solomon issued a prayer of protection from locusts at the opening ceremony for the first temple.
How did King Solomon deal with locust swarms?
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Pope Steven VI sprinkled the entire area with holy water, whereupon the locuts disappeared.
How did Pope Steven VI deal with locust swarms around Rome in A.D. 886?
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By the start of the twentieth century, the development of insecticidal chemicals, along with a greater understanding of locust life history and reproduction, greatly improved the ability of humans to head off locust plagues.
What was invented early in the 20th C that helped people deal with locusts and other swarming insects?
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Homopterans are considered pests because of cultivated plants, reducing yields by removing large quantities of sap or causing mortality by mechanically blocking the vascular system adn interfering with nutrient transpost.
Why are homopterans considered pests?
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Lac is the waxy platelike secretion of a small scale insect called Laccifer Lacca. The word "lac" dervies from the Hindi wowrd meaning "hundred thousand" and refers to the huge aggregations that these insects form on their host trees.
What is lac and where does it come from?
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Most of the world's lac is produced in India and it is used to make thermoplasticity, film-forming capacity, high resistence to organic sovents, excillent adhesion to a variety of surfaces, and good eletrical properties.
What country produces the most lac and what is it used to make?
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Cochineal is a dye that comes from a lac scale bug.
What is cochineal and where does it come from?
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope and figured out that cochineal was an insect.
What did Anton von Leeuwenhook invent of importance?
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A gall is an area of abnormal plant growth produced in response to a "foreign agent." Gall formation begins when a female lays an egg inside the plant; in response, the plant tissues begin to gow abnormally.
What is a gall and why does it form on a plant?
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Mature larvae often prepare escape tunnels immediately before they pupate, excavating a path to the outside and scraping away at plant epidermis until only a weak "window" remains behind. Upon completion of development, the adult can simply push its way through the window to the outside world.
How do gall insects escape the gall?
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Tannic acid is used for a toxine to microbs and protect gall insects from fungal or bacterial invasions and when combined with iron salts it forms a blue-black precipitate.
What is tannic acid used for?
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sericulture
The production of silk
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A shipment of mulberry trees and seeds and silk eggs were lost at sea with inspired The Tempest.
What shipment, lost at sea, likely inspired Shakespeare's play The Tempest?
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Historically, spider silk was used in contructing fishnets, bird snares, or woven into smalle pouches.
Historically, what was spider's silk used to make?
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carnivore
eating other animals for a living.
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Ambush predators move in the general direction of a potential prey and wait, poised and ready to strike, until it blunders into the vicinity.
What is an ambush predator?
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Insinuation
term given to the ability of certain predators to lull their prey into a false sense of security.
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Cleptoparasitism
a mode of predation in which search-and-pursuit are carried out by one species and conuption by another, in other words, some predators simply steal prey from other predators.
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Parasitoid
a term coined over eighty years ago to describe insects that are parasitic only during their immature stages; adults are free-living and will kill its host.
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Classical biological control
the use of the natural enemies of an economic pest species for the purpose of reducing the population size of that pest-ideally to the point where the pest no longer has a negative economic impact.
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Crypsis
a built-in concealment that can have insects that rest on tree bark indistinguishable from tree bark and so on.
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Homotypism
concealment that resembles something inedible.
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The common name for the larvae in the Family Geometridae is inchworm.
What is the common name of larvae in the Family Geometridae?
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Honeydew comes from aphids and ants get it by stimulating them to get it up.
What is honeydew and how do ants get it?
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Aposmatic coloration
warning colors on organisms that warn other organisms that they don't taste good or are poisonous.
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Batesian mimicry
a perfectly edible species cashing in on the fact that predators are lathe to attack brightly colored prey, particulary after a bad experience or two.
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thanatosis
playing dead.
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Reactor glands are actually functional chemical laboratories in which two or more relatively inactive compounds are combined to create a chemical reation.
What are the reactor glands and how are they used?
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Reflex bleeding
an organism bleeding to protect themselves.
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The Ebers Papyrus was an Egyptian meidcal treatise that dates back to the sixteenth century B.C., and contains references to insect remedies considered ancient even in those days.
What was the Ebers Papyrus and what was in it?
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The very word "medicine" has enomological roots for it derives from the same root as does the word "mead," or fermented honey wine, to which were ascribed remarkable curative properties.
How are "medicine" and "entomology" linked?
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The "Doctrine of Signatures" states that herbs resembling various parts of the body can be used by herbalists to treat ailments of those body parts.
What was the "Doctrine of Signatures"?
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Spanishfly is the principal source of cantharidinand occurs throught southern Europe eastward to Siberia.
What is Spanishfly and where does it come from?
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Cantharadin is extremely toc even at low dosages. During the Civil War, when supply ships from europe were cut off due to naval engaements, physicians resoted to using a native beetle in the same family as the Spanishfly, the "old-fashioned potato beetle,"so dependent had they become on cantharidin in their practice.
What is cantharadin and what was its importance in the American Civil War?
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Insects that are used for kidney and bladder dysfunctions have high sodium ion concentrations in their hemolymph.
Do insects that are used for kidney and bladder dysfunctions have high or low ion concentrations in their hemolymph?
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Bed bugs are used for the treament of lip-turning furuncle. In case of chronic ulceration with a gaping wound, apply locally some bedbugs, the heads of which should be removed.
What medicinal value do bed bugs offer?
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Surgical incisions are closed by allowing the sharp serrated mandibles of the soldier ants to close around the incision.
How have ants contributed to wound healing?
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Neurotransmitter
a chemical substance that carries signals from one nerve cell to another.
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The Kalahari in Botswana coat their arrows with the pupae of chrysomelid beetles.
With what substance do the people of the Kalahari in Botswana coat their arrows?
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Entomophagy
insect-eating.
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The Food and Drug Administration puts out a list of maximum permissible levels of insect infestation or damage, that is, a maximum number of insect adults, eggs, immatures, droppings, or fragments with which a food can be sold.
What role does the FDA play in bug parts in your food?
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ECI is the efficiency of converion of ingested food which is the amount of wieght an animal gains per weight of food an animal eats. ECI measurements for insects are not all that easy to make nor are the ones that have been made completely accurate. Insect-harvesting may actually be a more energy-efficient way to accumulate protein and calories than hunting for game.
What is ECI and how does it pertain to insects?
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The chitinous exoskeleton is by and large indigestibel, but then again, so is apple skin, and the exoskeleton makes up only a small part of the total biomass and doesn't affect the nutritive value of the insects as food.
How does an apple skin compare to an exoskeleton for digestibility?
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The earliest known human records documenting entomophagy as a regular practice is a bas-relief executed about 700 B.C. showing servants of King Sennacherib of Assyria carrying locusts skewered on sticks in preparation for a feast.
What is the earliest known depiction of entomophagy?
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cossus
a grub or caterpiller of uncertain identity that in Rome was considered a delicacy after it had been fed with flour.
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"Bushman's Rice"
a kind of ant with a long body and black head.
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maeng dana
a giant water bug that is available for sale in markets in Thailand.
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tsukudani
a ricehopper served cooked in soy sauce and sugar and is sold in supermarkets to be served as coktail snacks.
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In the USA, Mississippi is the state that eats the most bugs.
Where has most of the insect eating occurred in the USA?
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Agave Caterpillars for tacos, with stink bugs for seasoning are served as condiments in Mexico.
What Mexican insects serve as condiments?
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R. Kok suggested that insects on board spaceships could provide important protein for space travelers.
What did R. Kok suggest about insects in 1983?
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Navajo
Which Native American tribe included insect people in their creation mythology and told naughty children that the spider women would take them to spider rock and eat them if they did not behave?
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Spider
What was the nemesis of the gnat in Aesop's fable?
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Egyptian
Which ancient culture worshiped a beetle that they believed was a symbol of rebirth. They also believed that the beetle rolled the sun across the sky each day renewing each day.
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Athena
Which Greek goddess, because of jealousy, cursed Arachne to weave forever?
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Hopi
Which Native American tribe celebrates the butterfly dance in the summer by having men sing and youth dance in couples representing butterflies pollinating the crops?
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Italian
Which culture developed a fast moving dance based on a remedy for a spider bite?
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Solomon
Who wrote the original wise sayings that eventually became Aesop's fable about the ant and the grasshopper? "Consider the ant ..."
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Hymenoptera
Which insect order is predominant in insects referenced in rock and roll music?
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Her dad used spiders for medical cures and let them live in the home
Why was Little Miss Muffet likely afraid of spiders?
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Hail
Which Biblical plague first damaged crops before the grasshoppers came and ate what was left?
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Overpopulation where legs are rubbed
What triggers a grasshopper plague?
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Blackfeet
Who would sew butterfly symbols to place on their infants to bring sweet dreams?
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Song Night
What extra credit opportunity for this class has its history in cultural entomology?
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Tarantella
Which type of music, made famous by composers such as Lizet and Chopin, can be heard in popular songs such as in Cinderella and in video games such as Assassin's Creed?
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solar eclipse
Which celestial event was represented by the ancient Egyptians as a scarab beetle?
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