Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1 Review

Hypothesis

An educated guess or prediction.

Scientific Theory

A general, well-supported explanation.

Scientific Law

A specific, well-supported explanation.

Scientific Method: Observations

Gathering information.

Scientific Method: Experiment

Testing the hypothesis.

Scientific Method: Analysis

Using data to accept or reject the hypothesis.

Anatomy and Physiology

Branches of biology studying body form and function.

Anatomy

The study of body structure.

Physiology

The study of body functions.

Developmental Anatomy

Studies changes during growth and development.

Pathological Anatomy

Studies changes during infection and disease.

Systemic Anatomy

The study of organ systems.

Autopoiesis

Living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining.

Cell Theory

If it is made of one or more cells, it is alive.

Metabolism

Sum total of all physical and chemical reactions in the living body.

Levels of Organization (Smallest to Largest)

Chemical, Organelle, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism.

Smallest Living Level

Cell.

11 Organ Systems

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic/immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous.

Anatomical Position

Body erect with arms at sides, palms, head, and feet forward.

Ipsilateral

Refers to structures on the same side of the body.

Contralateral

Refers to structures on opposite sides of the body.

Thoracic Cavity Organ

Chest.

Pleural Cavities Organ

Lungs.

Mediastinum Organ

Heart.

Abdominal Cavity Organ

Digestive organs.

Pelvic Cavity Organ

Urinary bladder.

Cranial Cavity Organ

Brain.

Spinal Cavity Organ

Spinal cord.

Cephalic Region

Head.

Cervical Region

Neck.

Axillary Region

Armpit.

Brachial Region

Upper arm.

Femoral Region

Upper leg.

Orbital Region

Eyes.

Digital Region

Fingers and toes.

Superior vs. Inferior

Toward the head vs. toward the feet.

Anterior vs. Posterior

Toward the front (ventral) vs. toward the back (dorsal).

Medial vs. Lateral

Toward the midline vs. toward the sides.

Proximal vs. Distal

Toward the trunk vs. away from the trunk.

Superficial vs. Deep

Toward the body surface vs. away from the surface.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right sides.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into front and back sections.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Lumen

Inside lining of a hollow organ.

Medullary & Cortical

Inner parts & outer layer.

Basal and Apical

Widest end & narrowest end.

What is homeostasis?

the relatively constant states maintained by the body, this is also the central concept of physiology.

What is the standard human body temperature?

37°C

What is a set point?

An ideal number

What is the internal environment?

The environment in which the cell are in closed in

What are the components of a feedback loop?

stimulus, sensor mechanism, integrating/control center, effector mechanism, response, and feedback.

Which type of feedback loop is the most common (positive or negative)?

Negative

stimulus

a change in a condition (increase in body temp)

sensor mechanism

detects the change (sensory receptor)

control center

analyzes data and decides how to react to the change (CNS;brain)

effector

responds to the change when stimulated by the control center (muscle/gland)

response

change caused by the effector

feedback

response causes a new stimulus and repeat process

What does a negative feedback loop do?

responds to return to set point

positive feedback

responds to move farther from set point

feed forward

response to a potential change

intracellular control

inside the cell - genes & enzymes

intrinsic control

inside an organ/tissue - use chemical signals

extrinsic control

control across the whole body - uses nerve signals & hormones

Which 2 organ systems are used for extrinsic control?

Nervous & Endocrine

Matter

anything that has mass & takes up space

element

simplest type of matter; unique atomic structure

Compound

atoms that are chemically bound

Major elements in the body

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

3 particles that atoms are made of

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Proton

positively charged; in nucleus

Neutron

neutral charge; in nucleus

Electron

negatively charged; outside nucleus

Nucleus

middle; contains protons & neutrons

Particles in the atomic nucleus

Protons & Neutrons

atomic number

identifies an atom; # of protons in nucleus

mass number

numbers of particles in nucleus

why are atoms neutral

= amount of protons & electrons

electrons needed to fill first energy level

2

electrons needed to fill energy levels past 1st energy level

5

isotope

of an element contain the same # of protons but different # of neutrons

radioactive isotope

atoms with an unstable nucleus that emit radiation in the form of electrons, protons, and neutrons

chemical reaction

process where chemicals bonds are broken or formed

3 types of chemical bonds

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

ionic bonds

form when a metal atoms transfers an electron to a non mental atom

covalent bonds

formed when atoms share electrons

hydrogen bonds

form when electrons are unequally distributed

chemical bond that can make molecules

covalent bonds

weakest, easily broken chemical bond

hydrogen bond

polar molecules

result from unequal sharing of electrons; electrons spend more time around larger atom

reactants

start

producrs

end

synthesis reaction

form new bonds

decomposition reaction

breaks bonds

exchange reaction

break bonds, swap atoms, form new bonds

reversible reactions

can proceed in both directions

metabolism

all reactions in your body

catabolism

decomposition (break down molecules)

hydrolysis

common catabolic reaction; uses water to break

anabolism

synthesis (add together; build larger molecules)