measures electrical activity of the brain, using metal discs. how we observe sleep cycles. brain cells communicate via electrical impulses and are active all the time, even when asleep
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90 minutes
how long does each sleep cycle last
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bio-psychological influences on sleep patterns
psychological - stress/anxiety; biological - waking up and not realizing it, comfort/discomfort, sleep disorders, temperature, caffeine/alcohol, exposure to light, exercise before bed, eating heavy meals
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consciousness
an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation; individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments
brief transition period between falling asleep and sleeping more soundly, around 5 minutes, hypogenic sensations
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hypnogogic senations
hallucinations that happen when you are falling asleep, moving patterns and shapes, vivid images of faces, animals, scenes; feeling of being lifted up into the air?
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NREM-2
stage 2; appearance of sleep spindles (short bursts of rapid, high-voltage waves); ~20 minutes, where talking normally happens
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NREM-3
increases in slower, high voltage delta waves; deep sleep, hard to wake yo, about 30 minutes in the first cycle, but decreasing with each cycle until eventually NREM-3 disappears
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REM
characterized by low-amplitude, fast, irregular beta waves (resembling awake state); called "paradoxical sleep;" about 10 minutes in the first sleep cycle, but increasing with each cycle
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changes in sleep over the course of life
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why do we sleep
recuperation and restoration, preservation and protection, memory consolidation/problem solving, growth process
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recuperation and restoration
one of the four theories of why we sleep; sleep is needed to restore the brain tissue and body processes; (e.g. the immune system is sensitive to sleep disruption)
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preservation and protection
sleep evolved to preserve energy and protect organisms from danger; species' sleep patterns correspond to their evolved characteristics
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memory consolidation/problem solving
sleep restores, rebuilds, and synthesizes memories and enhances creative problem-solving processes
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growth process
during sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone necessary for muscle development
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frued's wish-fulfillment theory of dreams
manifest (obvious) content and latent (symbolic) content of dreams
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information-processing view of dreams
sifts, sorts, fixes information in memory
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physiological function of dreams
provides needed stimulation for the development of neural connection
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activation-synthesis theory of dreams
random neural activity beginning in the brainstem (pons) activates imagery and emotion that the cortex attempts to interpret
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cognitive development theory
dreams reflect cognitive/brain maturation
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threat stimulation theory
human dreaming has evolved because it promotes survival by allowing "practice" of threat perception, avoidance, and mastery