bell pepper

this glorified potato can barely run knowt so some things might be weird slkadfsalsd;jk

Chattel Slavery

System where enslaved people were legally identified as property for life, used as a source of labor, property that could be wielded, traded, or sold/bought.

Abolition

The act of ending something.

Antebellum America

1820-1861, Pre-Civil War era, propagated by the increase of agriculture + plantation (cotton gin, IR) economy in South + industrialized North, ALL regions played a role.

Complication in 1800's America

Became WHO was to decide on slavery.

Westward Expansion

The movement of settlers into the American West.

Manifest Destiny

God made the US destined to expand its dominion, democracy, and capitalism across entire North American continent, Atlantic→Pacific.

Justification of Westward Expansion

Justified westward expansion, the displacement of Native Americans, and territorial acquisitions such as Texas and California, often through war.

Angelical Floating Woman (lmao)

Symbolizes manifest destiny, progress, light, and education (holding a school book)

ALL of the following land acquisitions (LAP, TA, OT, MC) generally

Fueled westward expansion + manifest destiny, displaced Native Americans, and increased international trade

Louisiana Purchase

1803 deal between US and France where Thomas Jefferson bought LAP for 15 million.

Impact of Louisiana Purchase

Doubled US size, secured New Orleans port, sparked Westward expansion.

Texas Annexation

1845 Texas independence from Mexico, joint resolution + Texas/PR approved annexation proposal → Texas is a state.

Impact of Texas Annexation

Directly led to Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Texas → slave state, further intensifying issue of slavery.

Oregon Territory

1846 joint occupation with Britain + US, Oregon Trail allowed massive influx of US settlers.

Oregon Treaty

Established the 49th parallel as border between Britain + US to prevent war.

Impact of Oregon Territory

US control over present day Oregon, Washington, Idaho.

Mexican Cession

1848 US victory in Mexican-American War (1846-1848), US seized key areas, ex. Mexico City.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico ceded 525000 sq. miles to the US and the US paid Mexico $15 million.

Impact of Mexican Cession

California Gold Rush + economy boom, access to the Pacific, Mexican resident displacement/land loss.

North

Industrial/Commercial, manufacturing, smaller farms, industry

North's view on slavery

Slavery is morally wrong and isn't allowed here

South

Slave economy/agriculture, heavily dependent on enslaved labor

South's view on slavery

Slavery is necessary for economy and societal order, slavery is allowed

West

Expanding frontier, mix of North/South ideals

West's issue on slavery

Debate over whether new territories would allow slavery

Free soil ideology

Western lands = free labor

Disadvantage of North

Unfair that North needs to pay for labor but South doesn't

Slavery

Known cause of the Civil War

Nationalism

Unity, pride, federal power to strengthen the nation as a whole

Sectionalism

Regional interests (North, South, West) over national ones

Concurrent Powers

Powers that belong to BOTH federal and state governments

Concurrent powers examples

Set up courts, impose taxes, spend + borrow money

Federal government rights

~17 enumerated powers given by the USC

3 of the enumerated powers of the federal government

Establish a uniform law of naturalization, maintain a military, declare war

States' Rights

Powers held by each state

State powers examples

Education, policing, health/hospitals

Prohibited state powers

Powers that states cannot exercise

Prohibited state powers examples

Entering into treaties, coin money, keep troops or ships of war in times of peace

State powers exist because…

Fear of fed gov that is too strong/powerful + 10th amendment gives states their rights

Tenth Amendment

Gives states rights by reserving powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution

Supporters of states' rights

Southern slave owners and Anti-federalists

Choices about slavery

Federal government, State government, or popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty

The people that live in a specific area decide on issues like slavery

Decision makers about slavery, ultimately were…

Rich white land-owning men would likely take the decision

May 22, 1856 (2 years after K+N Act)

Preston Brooks beats up Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner

Antislavery senator from Massachusetts who spoke critically of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Andrew Butler.

Preston Brooks

Proslavery House of Representatives South Carolina member from South Carolina who beat Charles Sumner with a cane.

Dred Scott v. Sanford was a…

Fed gov, judicial branch, and Supreme Court decision on slavery, first time SP make big decision on slavery

Dred Scott

Enslaved person who sued for his freedom after moving to free states.

Dred Scott’s reasoning for suing Sanford

Sued for his freedom based on his time in free lands (IL + Wisconsin territory/modern day MN) and the Missouri Compromise line

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

Supreme Court case that ruled enslaved people were not citizens and could not sue

Dred Scott decision

Enslaved ppl were personal property, could not be lost upon entering new states/territories + protected by 4th amendment, Missouri Compromise and prohibiting slavery is unconstitutional

Chief Justice Taney

Reported the 7-2 decision in Dred Scott vs. Sanford, stating enslaved people were personal property.

According to the DSD…

Blacks were not citizens/were property, Dred had no right to sue nor did the SP have jurisdiction to make a decision, enslaved ppl could not be lost/was protected by the 4th amendment, + unconstitutional Missouri Compromise and to prohibit slavery anywhere

What land does the Missouri Compromise affect?

Louisiana Purchase

Missouri Compromise

Passed in 1820, allowed Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, creating a line (36 30’N) for slavery.

How the Missouri Compromise deals w/ slavery

Both slows down and spreads slavery + allows state gov to decide on slavery (Missouri, Maine)

What land would have the Wilmot Proviso affected?

Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed in 1846 to ban slavery in new territories from the Mexican Cession; not passed.

How the Wilmot Proviso deals with slavery

(Tried) to stop the spread of slavery all together (in MC)

What lands did the Compromise of 1850 affect?

Mexican Cession

Compromise of 1850

Passed in 1850, allowed CA as a free state, Texas cedes lands (NM territory), NW + Utah pop sov, outlaw slavery in DC, strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.

How the Compromise of 1850 dealt w/ slavery

Slowed down the spread of slavery (CA + pop sov), allow slavery to spread (pop sov), allowed state gov and the ppl (pop sov) to decide on slavery

Fugitive Slave Act

Initially made it illegal for slaves to run away; strengthened to require all Americans to assist in capturing runaway slaves.

What land did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect?

Louisiana Purchase

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Passed in 1854, allowed people in Nebraska and Kansas territories to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty (repealed Missouri Compromise line)

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act deal with slavery?

Allow slavery to spread to new lands and allow the people to decide

Bleeding Kansas

Violence that erupted in Kansas as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the fight over slavery, ~200 died

Missouri Compromise line

Line established by the Missouri Compromise that determined where slavery was allowed (30°60’N)

Pop. sov (popular sovereignty)

The principle that the people living in a defined territory should decide on the issue of slavery.

Texas cede lands

Texas ceded lands that later became the New Mexico territory as part of the Compromise of 1850.

California joins as free state

Part of the Compromise of 1850, which allowed California to enter the Union without slavery.

Impact of Mexican Cession

The territories acquired from Mexico raised the question of whether they would allow slavery.

Unconstitutionality of prohibiting slavery

The Dred Scott decision declared it unconstitutional for any government to prohibit slavery.

Scott's owner

Dred Scott's owner eventually freed him, and he lived out his life in St. Louis.

Senate and House dynamics w/ the Wilmot Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso passed in the House but failed in the Senate due to the balance of slave and free states.

Strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act

The Compromise of 1850 made the Fugitive Slave Act stricter, requiring all Americans to assist in capturing runaway slaves.

What is popular sovereignty?

The political power belongs to the people, who decide by voting.

Which territories used the idea of popular sovereignty in the 1840s?

NM, UT, KN, NEB territories

Slavery remained legal until 1862, when…

The fed gov outlaws slavery in all fed lands (everything but states) however continued since little/no enforcement

How does the Compromise of 1850 affect the NM, UT,and KN territory?

NM territory becomes slave territory

What was the outcome of the Kansas territory's voting on slavery?

It became a slave territory, leading to conflict and the formation of two governments + factored into Bleeding Kansas

What was 'Bleeding Kansas'?

A series of violent events involving pro and anti-slavery factions in Kansas from 1850 to 1856.

In 1860, Kansas…

Enters the Union as a FREE state (previously slave)

Who wrote 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'?

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

What was the purpose of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'?

To expose the evils of slavery and raise awareness.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) was based on…

Real events from other abolitionists and run away slaves Stowe had heard from

How many copies of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' were sold in three months?

300,000 copies.

What was John Brown's role in the abolitionist movement?

He was an abolitionist who led violent actions against pro-slavery settlers.

What happened at Pottawatomie Creek?

John Brown and his followers killed five pro-slavery settlers on May 24, 1856.

What was the outcome of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry?

He was captured by Robert E. Lee and convicted for treason.

What was the reaction of Southerners to 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'?

They were outraged and bought and burned the book.

What was the significance of the term 'Border Ruffians'?

Pro and anti-slavery supporters who crossed borders to influence votes.

Who was Aaron D. Stevens?

An abolitionist and border ruffian who believed slavery would only end with war + worked with John Brown on his Harpers Ferry raid

What did John Brown hope to achieve at Harpers Ferry?

He planned to arm enslaved people for a revolt.

What was the public reaction to John Brown's execution?

There were very different reactions between the North and South.

What profession did Abraham Lincoln have before entering politics?

Lawyer

How many years did Lincoln serve as an Illinois State Representative?

10 years, 5 terms

How long did Lincoln serve as a U.S. Representative for Illinois?

2 years at the federal level

In which year did Lincoln run for the U.S. Senate?

1858