AH 2001 - Ch 11 + Ch 12

blood

• circulating fluid of cardiovascular system

• brings oxygen and nourishment, carries away CO2 and other waste

• distributes body heat

• carries antibodies, hormones

total adult blood volume

• 5L, 5.2qt

2 main components of blood

• plasma

• formed elements

plasma

• liquid portion of blood

• 55% of blood volume

• 90% water, 10% other

  • electrolytes, gases, nutrients, albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, hormones

• pH = 7.4

formed elements

• cellular components of blood

• 45% of blood volume

• 99.1% erthyrocytes, 0.9% leukocytes + platelets

electrolytes

• dissolved salts

• within blood plasma

albumin

• simple protein in blood plasma

blood cells

• erythrocytes

• leukocytes

• platelets/thrombocytes

• produced in red bone marrow

erythrocytes

• red blood cells

• 5 million per mL blood

• tiny, biconcave disk

• no nucleus

• carries oxygen bound to hemoglobin

  • also carries carbon dioxide

• buffers blood

• gradually wears out, dies in 120 days

  • constantly replaced

leukocytes

• white blood cells

• in lymphoid tissue too

• 5K-10K per mL blood

• larger than red cell

• prominent nucleus shows when stained

  • granulocyte or agranulocyte

• protects against pathogens, destroys foreign matter

granulocyte

• leukocyte with visible granules in cytoplasm when stained

• segmented nucleus

• neutrophils + eosinophils + basophils

agranulocyte

• leukocyte without visible granules when stained

• unsegmented large nucleus

• lymphocytes + monocytes

platelet

• thrombocyte

• 150K-450K per mL blood

• fragment of large cell

• functions in hemostasis

  • starts blood clotting

• vessel injured → platelets stick together → plug site → platelets release substances → interact with clotting factors → wound-sealing clot

hemoglobin

• iron-containing pigment in red blood cells

• transports oxygen

• 15g per 100mL blood

erythropoietin

• hormone produced in kidneys

• stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

• made by genetic engineering for clinical use

classifications of leukocytes

• size and appearance of nucleus

• staining properties

• showing visible granules in cytoplasm when stained

neutrophils

• granulocyte

• stain weakly with acidic and basic dyes

• 54-62% of adult blood

• function in phagocytosis

• polymorphs/PMNs

eosinophils

• granulocyte

• stain strongly with acidic dyes

• 1-3% adult blood

• defend against parasites, cause allergic reactions

basophils

• granulocyte

• stain strongly with basic dyes

• less than 1% of blood

• in allergic reactions

lymphocytes

• smaller agranulocytes

• 25-38% of adult blood

• part of immunity

  • T cells + B cells

monocytes

• larger agranulocytes

• largest of all WBCs

• 3-7% of adult blood

• phagocytosis

phagocytosis

• ingestion of organisms by cell

• destroy ingested material after

CBC

• complete blood count

PMNs

• polymorphonuclear leukocytes

band cell

• aka stab cell

• immature neutrophil

• nucleus in shape of band

• large numbers = active infection

megakaryocytes

• what platelets are fragments of

• form in bone marrow

• 200-400K per microliter blood

hemostasis

• stoppage of bleeding

coagulation

• blood clotting

• part of hemostasis

clotting factors

• inactive in blood until injury occurs

• interact with platelet substances to form clot

• 12 must interact before blood coagulates to prevent unwanted clot

fibrinogen

• inactive precursor of fibrin

fibrin

• protein that forms clot in blood coagulation process

• traps blood cells and plasma

• final reaction of blood clot formation

serum

• fraction of plasma that remains after blood coagulation

• equivalent of plasma without clotting factors

blood type determination

• determined by genetically inherited proteins on surface of RBCs

• mix sample separately with different prepared antisera → red cells clump with antiserum that corresponds to blood type

blood type used for emergency transfusion

• O Rh negative

• red cells will not induce immune response

cross-matching

• testing compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for transfusion

• donor red cells mixed with recipient serum to look for immunologic reaction

blood fraction

• ex. packed red cells, platelets, plasma, specific clotting factors

• used for blood transfusion instead of whole blood

  • whole blood used if large volume of blood lost

immunity

• protection against disease or harmful microorganisms

innate immunity

• protect against any invading organism

  • nonspecific

• inborn and based on inherited genetic makeup

• usually physical barriers or chemical defenses

  • exs. unbroken skin, cilia, mucus, bactericidal body secretions, reflexes, lymphoid tissue, phagocytes

unbroken skin

• innate immunity

• physical barrier

cilia

• innate immunity

• tiny cell projections that sweep impurities out of body

mucus

• innate immunity

• traps foreign material

bactericidal body secretions

• found in teats, skin, digestive tract, reproductive tract

• kill bacteria

reflexes

• innate immunity

• expel impurities

• ex. coughing, sneezing

lymphoid tissue

• innate immunity

• filters impurities from blood and lymph

phagocytes

• cells that attack, ingest, destroy foreign organisms

adaptive immunity

• acquired during life

• directed toward particular disease organism

  • specific

• complex interactions between lymphatic system and blood

antigen

• substance that induces formation of antibody

• provokes immune response

T cells

• lymphocytes

• mature in thymus

• attack foreign cell directly

  • cell-mediated immunity

• activated when contacts antigen on APC surface + body’s own proteins

APCs

• antigen presenting cells

B cells

• B lymphocytes

• mature in bone marrow

• meet antigen → multiply rapidly → mature into plasma cells

• produce antibodies

antibodies

• immunoglobulins

• inactivate antigens

• produced by B cells

• remain in blood → provide long-term immunity

  • specifim

humoral immunity

• antibody-based immunity

classifications for adaptive immunity

• natural vs artificial

• active vs passive

active immunity

• person makes own antibodies in response to contact with antigen

passive immunity

• antibody/immune serum is transferred from outside source

  • within gamma globulin

• can come from other people or immunized animals

gamma globulin

• fraction of blood plasma that contains antibodies

• given for passive transfer of immunity

natural active adaptive immunity

• from contact with disease organism or other foreign antigen

passive natural adaptive immunity

• by transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus through placenta or mother’s milk

active artificial adaptive immunity

• by administration of a vaccine with killed/weakened organism

passive artificial adaptive immunity

• by administration of immune serum obtained from other people or animals

immunodeficiency

• congenital or acquired failure of immune system

-ernia, -hernia

condition of blood

-penia

decrease in, deficiency of

-poiesis

formation, production

myel/o

bone marrow

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

erythr/o, erythrocyt/o

red blood cell

leuk/o, leukocyt/o

white blood cell

lymph/o, lymphocyt/o

lymphocyte

thromb/o

blood clot

thrombocyt/o

platelet, thrombocyte

immun/o

immunity, immunity system

azot/o

nitrogenous compounds

calc/i

calcium

ferr/o, ferr/i, sider/o

iron

kali

potassium

natri

sodium

ox/u

oxygen

anemia

• abnormally low hemoglobin in blood

• caused by blood loss, malnutrition, hereditary defect, environmental factors

  • too few RBCs, microcytic cells, hypochromic cells

• tested with blood counts, MCV, MCHC

• symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, pallor, irritability

• classifications: impaired production of red cells, loss/destruction of red cells

microcytic cells

• cells that are too small

hypochromic cells

• cells that have too little hemoglobin

red blood cell count

• counting number of RBC per mL of blood

• ex. diagnosing anemia

white blood cell count

• number of WBC per mL blood

differential count (Diff)

• relative percentage of different types of leukocytes

hematocrit (Ht, Hct, crit)

• relative percentage of packed red cells in given volume of blood

PCV

• packed cell volume

• hematocrit

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

• amount of hemoglobin in g/dL of blood

  • 100mL blood

MCV

• mean corpuscular volume

• volume of average red cell

MCH

• mean corpuscular hemoglobin

• average weight of hemoglobin in red cells

MCHC

• mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

• average concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

• rate of erythrocyte settling per unit of time

• used to detect infection/inflammation

CBC

• complete blood count

• series of tests including cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, cell volume measurements

hematologists

• specialize in study of blood and blood diseases

phlebotomist

• healthcare professional who draws blood for testing, transfusions, research

anemia due to impaired production of red cells

• aplastic anemia

• nutritional anemia

• pernicious anemia

• sideroblastic anemia

aplastic anemia

• caused by bone marrow failure → deficient blood cell production

  • caused by drugs, toxins, viruses, radiation, bone marrow cancer

• affects all blood cells

  • pancytopenia

• high mortality rate

• treated successfully with bone marrow transplantation

nutritional anemia

• caused by dietary deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, folate

  • B12 needed for RBC development

  • iron needed for hemoglobin production

• can be treated with dietary supplementation

pernicious anemia

• caused by failure of stomach to produce intrinsic factor

• treated with regular vitamin B12 injections

intrinsic factor (IF)

• substance produced in stomach

• aids in intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

• lack of IF = pernicious anemia

sideroblastic anemia

• caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin

• can be hereditary or acquired

• creates normoblasts