AP Euro Chapter 21

1848 "June Days"

A workers’ uprising in Paris triggered by the closure of national workshops, violently crushed by the army.

"King of the French people"

A title used by Louis Philippe I emphasizing his rule based on the people’s will rather than divine right.

Francis Joseph & Nicholas I’s suppression of Hungary (1849)

Efforts by Francis Joseph to crush the Hungarian Revolution supported by Nicholas I sending 130,000 troops.

Attempts to unite the Germans

The Frankfurt Parliament aimed to unify Germany under Prussian leadership but ultimately failed.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class that supported capitalism and liberalism, opposed by aristocrats and the working class.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly industrial laborers who owned no property, seen by Marx as the revolutionary class.

Proper Social Organization (Marxist Theory)

Marx and Engels' idea that society should be based on class struggle leading to a classless, communist society.

Congress of Vienna (1815)

A conference that aimed to restore monarchies and maintain balance of power after Napoleon's defeat.

Metternich & Conservatism

Klemens von Metternich, a leading conservative, worked to suppress nationalism and revolutionary movements.

Carlsbad Decrees (1819)

Issued by Metternich, they restricted liberal and nationalist movements in the German Confederation.

Re-establish the Old Order

Conservatives aimed to restore absolute monarchies and repress liberal reforms after Napoleon's fall.

Repression of Liberal and Revolutionary Movements

European monarchies used censorship and military force to suppress demands for democracy and nationalism.

Bourbon Dynasty

The French royal family restored after Napoleon, including Louis XVIII and Charles X.

Charles X (r. 1824–1830)

The last Bourbon king, whose reactionary policies led to the July Revolution and his abdication.

Louis XVIII’s Charter of 1814

A constitution allowing a limited monarchy that was a compromise between absolutism and liberalism.

Louis Philippe’s "Bourgeois Monarchy"

A monarchy that favored the wealthy middle class but ultimately faced a revolution in 1848.

France’s Second Republic (1848–1852)

Established after Louis Philippe’s abdication, introducing universal male suffrage and reforms.

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

Elected President in 1848, he staged a coup to become Emperor and founded the Second Empire.

Chartist Movement (1838–1850s)

A working-class movement in Britain demanding universal male suffrage and electoral reform.

Corn Laws (1815–1846)

Tariffs on imported grain that raised food prices for workers, repealed to benefit free trade.

Reform Bill of 1832

Expanded voting rights to the middle class but excluded most workers, marking a shift toward democracy.

Ten Hours Act (1847)

A law limiting women and children to a ten-hour workday, improving labor conditions.

Romantic Movement

A cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism against Enlightenment rationalism.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement focusing on emotion, heroism, and national identity.

Eugène Delacroix

A leading Romantic painter known for works reflecting revolutionary ideals.

Joseph M. W. Turner

A British Romantic painter known for his dramatic landscapes and seascapes.

Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831)

A novel by Victor Hugo addressing social injustice and themes of heroism.

Grimm Brothers

German scholars who collected and published fairy tales, preserving German cultural heritage.

Ludwig van Beethoven

A composer transitioning from Classical to Romantic music, known for emotionally expressive symphonies.

Great Famine (1845–1851)

A potato blight in Ireland causing mass starvation, disease, and heightened resentment toward British rule.

Greece Independent in 1830

Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire with support from Britain, France, and Russia.

Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand I (r. 1835–1848)

Promised reforms and a liberal constitution under pressure from the 1848 revolutions before abdicating.

National Workshops (France, 1848)

A government program providing jobs for unemployed workers, later abolished leading to unrest.

Dramatic (Romanticism)

Romanticism sought to evoke strong emotions through dramatic storytelling and art.

Socialist

Advocates for government control of industry to reduce inequality and improve workers' rights.

Tory

A conservative political party in Britain supporting monarchy and resistance to democratic reforms.