px care chapter 4

aerobes

Bacteria that survive and thrive only in an oxygen environment

antimicrobial drugs

Drugs that tend to destroy microbes or prevent their multiplication

antibiotics

Soluble substances derived from a mold or bacteria that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms

antropod vector

In the family arthropoda that includes spiders, mites, ticks, mosquitoes, etc.; can transmit infection to man or animals

attenuated vaccine

A weakened or dilute solution of microbes

bacteria

Colorless, minute, one-celled organisms with a typical nucleus

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug

A drug effective against a wide variety of different microorganisms

capsomere

genetic material is protected by a capsid or protein coat that is composed of minute protein units

carrier

A person or animal that harbors a particular

infectious agent and does not have clinical disease but is able to transmit the disease to others

cilia

Mobile extensions of a cell surface

Cytomegalovirus infections

A group of viruses in the Herpesviridae family

demorphic fungus

form of fungi that can grow as either a yeast or a mold depending on temperature and environment

Encephalopathy

A disorder of the brain Enterotoxigenic: Referring to an organism that produces toxins specific for cells in the intestinal tract

fecal oral route

Disease passed from one person who has poor hand-washing hygiene to another through food touched by that person following stool elimination

fungi

Cells that require an oxygenated environment to live; may be either yeasts or molds

Genetic predisposition

Inherited potential via the genetic transmission for a particular illness or characteristic

helminths

Parasitic worms that may live in the human intestinal tract for long periods of time if not treated can be simply described as parasitic worms classified as either Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Aschelminthes (roundworms).

immune

Free from acquiring a particular infectious disease

immune suppressed

Persons whose immunity is prohibited for physiologic reasons

infectious diseases

A disease capable of being passed from one person to another

invasiveness

is the term used to describe the organism’s ability to enter tissues.

Molds (also called mycelia)

Form multicellular colonies and reproduce by spore formation

nucleoid

A part of a nucleous (a nuclear inclusion body)

parasites

An organism that lives in or on another and draws its nourishment from that on which it lives

Pathogenic microorganism/pathogen

a microorganism is known to produce disease

pathogenicity

- The ability to cause disease

Percutaneous injection

Passage through the skin by needle puncture including introduction of wires and catheters

prion

An infectious particle of nonnucleic acid composition; must mutate to become infectious is a protein that does not contain DNA or RNA

protozoa

One-celled organisms; often parasitic and are able to move by pseudopod formation, by the action of flagella, or by cili

Retention urinary catheters

Tubes that are placed in the urinary bladder and fixed in place for a period of time

Saprophytes

- fungi live in and utilize organic matter such as rotting vegetation as a source of energy

sterile

Free of all living microorganisms

Specificity

characterizes the organism’s attraction to a particular host

Vascular access devices

Catheters or needles that are able to enter the blood vessels

Virulence

refers to the causative organism’s ability to grow and multiply with speed

Virulent

Extremely toxic

viruses

Minute microbes that cannot be visualized under an ordinary the smallest microorganism known to produce disease

virion

is a complete infectious particle with a central nucleiod

yeast

are one-celled forms of fungi that reproduce by budding.

bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites

Four major groups of microorganisms are known to produce diseases

indirect comtact

is defined as the transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching objects (called fomites) that have been

contaminated by an infected person. These objects include dressings, instruments, clothing, dishes, or anything containing live infectious microorganisms.

droplet comtact

involves contact with infectious secretions that come from the conjunctiva, nose, or mouth of a host or disease carrier as the person coughs,sneezes, or talks.

- Droplets can travel from approximately 3 to 5 feet and should not be equated with the airborne route of transmission, which is described later.

vehicles

may also transport infection.

- Vehicle route of transmission includes food, water,

drugs, or blood contaminated with infectious microorganisms.

Airborne route of transmission

indicates that residue from evaporated droplets of diseased microorganisms are suspended in air for long periods of time.

- This residue is infectious if inhaled by a susceptible host.

vectors

are insect or animal carriers of disease.

- They deposit the diseased microbes by stinging or biting the human host

acquired immunity

Results from active production or receipt of antibodies

Active acquired immunity

Antibodies actually produced within a person’s body; usually a longterm immunity

Passive acquired immunity

Antibodies are received from another person or an animal; usually short-term immunity

Natural active acquired immunity

Antibodies acquired by actually having a particular disease; reinfection may be short or long term.

Artificial active acquired immunity

Antibodies formed by vaccination that enable one to form antibodies against that particular pathogen.

Passive acquired immunity

Antibodies formed in one individual are transferred to another to protect against infection.

Natural acquired immunity

Antibodies present in a mother’s blood or colostrum are passed on to the infant to protect him temporarily from some infect

Artificial passive acquired immunity

Antibodies are transferred from an immune individual to a susceptible individual to give temporary immunity. This is usually done by administering hyperimmune serum globulin or immune serum globulin (ISG) from the blood of many immune persons

Process Incubation stage

The pathogen enters the body and may lie dormant for a short period, then begins to produce nonspecific symptoms of diseases

Prodromal stage

More specific symptoms of the particular disease are exhibited. The microorganisms increase, and the disease becomes highly infectious.

full disease stage

The disease reaches its fullest extent or, in some cases, produces only vague, subclinical symptoms; however, the disease continues to be highly infectious.

convalescent stage

The symptoms diminish and eventually disappear.

Some diseases disappear, but the microbe that

caused the disease goes into a latent phase. Examples of these diseases are malaria, tuberculosis, and herpes infections.

phase ine

HIV enters the body and replicates in the bloodstream. No signs of infection are physically present or present in the laboratory tests; however, HIV can be transmitted during this phase

phase 2

There is a period of illness with flu-like symptoms; lymph nodes may enlarge, and fever, a skin rash, and malaise may be present. Symptoms may be somewhat more severe with a stiff neck and seizures present. HIV diagnosis may be possible at this time, but the symptoms may be mild and ignored. The infected person may continue to transmit HIV during this time.

phase 3

No external symptoms of HIV infection are present on an average of 1 to 10 years. The immune function of the body is declining during this phase, and the T lymphocytes (also called CD4 cells) are decreasing in number

stage 4

The HIV-infected person develops persistently enlarged lymph nodes; has low-grade fevers, night sweats, mouth lesions, weight loss, and rashes; fatigues easily; and develops changes in cognition and develops peripheral neuropathy.

phase 5

The infected person becomes immunosuppressed and meets the criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS as established by the CDC. These criteria include all persons who have a CD4 T- lymphocyte count of less than 200 cells per mm. The infected person suffers from multiple opportunistic viral, protozoal, and bacterial infections and possibly cancer. Eighty to 90 percent of persons with this diagnosis die within 3 years