Chapter 1- Microbial World PP

Define Microorganisms

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

What do Microbes include?

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, and prions

Roles of microbes

Generate oxygen

Decompose organic waste

Produce chemical products (ethanol, acetone, and vitamins)

Produce raw materials

Generate income

Produces fermented foods

Pathogens (disease producing)

Basic of food chain in aquatic environments

Incorporate nitrogen gas in air int organic compounds

How do microbes help humans?

Prevent food spoilage

Prevent Disease

Understand causes and transmission of diease to prevent epidemics

What percentage of cells in the. human body are bacterial cells?

57%

How to name using binomial nomenclature?

Genus & species/ specific epithet

What are the types of microorganisms?

Bateria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Multicellular Animal Parasites, and Viruses

What microorganisms are Prokaryotes?

Bacteria & Archaea

What microorganisms are Eukaryotes?

Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Multicellular Animal Parasites

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria

Mycology

Study of fungi

Parasitology

Study of parasites and protozoa

Virology

Study of viruses

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Explain the importance of observations made by Van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke

Van Leeuwenhoek- Father of Microbiology

Hooke- reported that livings things are composed of cells

Spontaneous generation

life arises from nonliving matter via “vital force”

Biogenesis

cells arise from only preexisting living cells

What is the cell theory?

all living things are composed of cells

John Needham contributions

supported abiogenesis w/ broth and covered flask

Lazzaro Spallanzani contributions

supported biogenesis w/ boiled nutrient and sealed flasks

Rudolf Virchow contributions

completed the cell theory, living cells arise from preexisting cells

Louis Pasteur contributions

disproved abiogenesis w microogranisms in air

Robert Hooke contributions

reported that living things are composed of little boxes or “cells”

Who is the father of Microbiology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the first microbes?

Animalcules

Francesco Redi contributions

proved biogenesis and disputed spontaneous generation theory

what evidence supports spontaneous generation?

How was spontaneous generation disproved?

Franceso Redi used jars and maggots. sealed jar = no maggots open jar = maggots

What is Koch’s postulate?

Specific microbes cause a specific disease

Edward Jenner contributions

incolated a person w/ cowpox virus, found vaccination

What is the Germ Theory?

Diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by micoorganisms

What is fermentation?

microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of oxygen

Pro and Cons of Microbes

Cons: Food spoilage, Cause disease Pros: Income, Prevent disease, Prevent food spoilage

What are antibiotics?

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

Paul Ehrlich contributions

“magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

Alexander Fleming contributions

discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillium

What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?

chemotherapy, arsenic, salvarsan

Immunology

the study of immunity

Dmitri Iwanowski contributions

discovered the first virus

Microbial Genetics

the study of how microbes inherit traits

Molecular Biology

the study of how genetic information is carried in the molecules of DNA or the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

James Watson contributions

proposed DNA model

Francis Crick

proposed DNA model

Genomics

the study of an organism’s genes

Recombinant DNA

DNA made from 2 different sources

Pros of microorganisms

• nutrient recycling

• water recycling

• bioremediation

• biofuel

• biotechnology

• gene therapy

• pest control

Biotechnology

the use of microbes for practical applications, such a producing foods and chemicals. Ex: vinegar, yogurt, bread, beer

Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA)

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

Recombinant vs Biotechnology?

Recombinant is narrow, biotechnology is broad

Where should there be NO microorganisms?

blood and lungs

Resistance

the ability of the body to ward off disease

Pros of biofilms

• prevent mucous membranes from harmful organisms

• provide food in aquatic ecosystems

Cons of biofilms

• clog water pipes

• cause infections on medical implants

• often resistant to antibiotics

Woese contributions

discovered the 3 domains