exam #1 study guide (outline) - BIOL 1103

aorta

largest artery in human body. carries blood away from heart to capillaries.

bile

a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. used to emulsify fats; yellow-green color.

chyme

thick acidic soupy mix of food.

lacunae

small chambers in which cells lie.

dentin

thick layer of bonelike material.

pericardium

thick membranous sac/secretes lubricant; encloses the heart.

villi

fingerlike projections. from lumen of small intestine into either blood or lymph. inside: glucose and amino acids.

epiglottis

cartilage flap that covers opening to trachea (glottis). has to do with pharynx (throat).

cardiac bypass

vessels from leg or arm are harvested and surgically grafted onto heart to bypass the blocked vessels and restore blood flow to heart muscle.

skeletal muscle

functions voluntary movement of the body, has striated cells within multiple nuclei, supports/protects the body.

septum

muscular wall dividing right side of the heart from the left side.

cells

basic unit of all living things; living matter bounded by outer membrane; unicellular or multicellular organisms.

esophagus

long muscular (smooth muscle) tube. no role in chemical digestion, usually collapsed - opens after swallowing.

stratified

several layers.

polyps

AKA colon cancer. small growth in epithelial lining of colon. benign or cancerous - surgically removed. cancer possibly cured if still confined.

integumentary system

consists of the skin and accessory structures (glands and hair).

blood

matrix - plasma (water and proteins); cells = red, white, platelets

gastritis

inflammation of stomach lining.

pyloric sphincter

circular muscle acting as a valve between esophagus and stomach (closed/contracted & opened/relaxed). allows food into stomach and blocks acids from backing up into esophagus.

lysis

the breaking down or destruction of a cell membrane, which causes the cell to burst and release its inner contents.

hard palate

anterior; many bones. located in roof of mouth.

melanin

pigment (gives skin its color).

lacteal

small lymphatic vessel located in the small intestine.

autophagy

recycling cells own components (self-eating/auto-digestion).

chondrocytes

cells found in healthy cartilage, responsible for producing/maintaining extracellular matrix.

goblet cells

secretes mucus; produces thick layer protecting stomach wall from acidic contents.

varicose

valves in veins become weak due to pressure of blood. blood pools - usually in superficial veins.

peristalsis

involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions; pushes bolus along entire digestive tract.

osmosis

diffusion of water utilizing tiny channels called aquaporins - allows water to pass through freely.

endocytosis

takes molecules in by invaginating and forming vesicles from membranes.

celiac disease

autoimmune disorder; gluten in diet causes the immune system to attack villi in the last ileum of small intestine.

enzyme

biological catalysts: speed up reactions necessary for life.

cartilage

cells lie in small chambers (lacunae) surrounded by solid and flexible matrix.

multiple sclerosis

autoimmune disorder that attacks the proteins in the myelin sheath. causing person being unable to control muscle movement.

isotonic

same amount of solute.

jejunum and ileum

second and third parts of small intestine. majority of nutrient absorption occurs; huge surface area/many folds

central canal

a microscopic, tube-like channel running through the center of each osteon (cylindrical structural unit).

fibroblasts

in connective tissue, produces fibers and ground substances.

osteocytes

bone cells.

bicarbonate

acts as the primary chemical buffer to maintain a stable physiological pH in blood and bodily fluids; neutralizes acidic chyme.

myocardium

major portion / cardiac muscle tissue.

cellular respiration

process of generating ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, etc. in the presence of oxygen.

smooth muscle

involuntary; has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus; have no striations; functions in movement of substances in lumens of body; found in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive track

connective - binds organs together, provides support, fills spaces, produces blood cells, stores fat

muscle - skeletal, smooth, cardiac. filled with actin and myosin filaments for contraction

nervous - functions in communication and integration via signals throughout the entire body (brain)

epithelial - tightly packed cells (epithelial tissue) forming continuous layers lining body cavities and body surface

four types of tissues:

mouth: salivary glands - salivary amylase (digests starch) & mucus.

stomach: pepsin - digests proteins; has optimal pH of 2.

small intestine: pancreas - adds bicarbonate (neutralize chyme) and digestive enzymes.

**pharynx and large intestine DO NOT contain digestive enzymes.

digestive enzymes within specific compartments of digestive tract:

tendons and ligaments (ex: found within knee joint).

structures made of dense fibrous connective tissue:

lysosomes - white blood cells

peroxisomes & endoplasmic reticulum - liver cells

mitochondria - muscle cells & nerve cells

ribosomes and golgi apparatus - cartilage cells

**note red blood cells lack most organelles to make room for hemoglobin

cellular organelles within specific cell types:

1. all living things are composed of cells

2. new cells arise from pre-existing cells

the cell theory:

2 atrioventricular (AV):

- tricuspid: between right atrium and right ventricle

- bicuspid/mitral: between left atrium and left ventricle

2 semilunar:

- pulmonary: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

- aortic: between left ventricle and aorta

specific valves within the heart:

1. hypertension = high blood pressure. when blood pressure is greater than 140/90

2. atherosclerosis = accumulation of plaques in arteries

3. stroke = affects cranial artery (brain). lack of oxygen to part of brain (paralysis; speech challenges; death, etc.)

4. heart attack = myocardial infarction. lack of oxygen to part of heart due to clot and plaque buildup

5. angina dectorsis = coronary artery is partially blocked, radiating pain in the left arm

6. congestive heart failure = heart fails to pump up blood adequately - backs up into heart

7. aneurysm = ballooning of artery

8. phlebitis = inflammation of a vein. can lead to death

9. varicose veins = valves in veins become weak due to pressure of blood (usually pools in superficial veins)

cardiovascular disorders:

stomach contents into esophagus (acid reflux); presents as burning sensation in chest (heartburn); results in increased risk of damage to epithelial cells lining esophagus leading to esophagitis (inflammation) and cancer risk

gastric esophageal reflux disorder (GERD)

simple squamous: single layer flattened irregular shape. located in lungs, blood vessels. protects

simple cuboidal: single layer cubed shaped. located in kidney tubules, various glands. absorbs molecules

simple columnar: single layer rectangular shaped. located in small intestine, oviducts. absorbs nutrients

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar: appear stratified but each cell touches baseline. located in trachea. move mucus and debris up to throat

stratified squamous: several layers flattened irregular shape. located in nose, mouth, anal canal, vagina, lining of esophagus. protects

epithelial tissue types:

1. adds bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme

2. adds digestive enzymes

function of pancreas in digestion: