Motor Learning Exam 1

Which of the following is an environmental constraint?

a. tackling the ball carrier in a game of football

b. having legs too long to ride a tricycle

c. being excited to exercise

d. trying to walk on a frozen lake

d. trying to walk on a frozen lake

Which of the following is the best description for the idea of constraints in motor development?

a. constraints that limit certain movements

b. constraints shape movement

c. constraints refer to the environment surrounding the individual

d. constraints reduce the likelihood of success

b. constraints shape movement

Which of the following is an example of motor development?

a. learning a different grip in tennis

b. learning to change running form

c. learning to read

d. learning to ride a bike

e. learning a new cycling technique

d. learning to ride a bike

Which of the following is a structural constraint?

a. humidity

b. individual's weight

c. anger

d. movement objective

e. gravity

b. individual's weight

Which term refers to the qualitative change in biological make up?

a. motor change

b. physical growth

c. physical maturation

d. aging

c. physical maturation

Which of the following is a functional constraint?

a. movement requirements

b. height

c. fear

d. temperature

e. rules of the game

f. altitude

c. fear

Which term refers to the relative permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience?

a. motor aging

b. motor control

c. motor progression

d. motor development

e. motor learning

e. motor learning

Which term refers to the study of motor behavior changes as a continuous, age-related process?

a. motor progression

b. motor control

c. motor development

d. motor aging

e. motor learning

c. motor development

Which of the following research designs takes "snap shot" of groups of different ages?

a. cross-sectional

b. longitudinal

c. mixed-longitudinal

d. sequential

e. counter balanced

a. cross-sectional

Which term refers to the study of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement?

a. motor control

b. motor learning

c. motor progression

d. motor development

e. motor aging

a. motor control

Which theoretical perspective claims that the control of movement is distributed throughout the body, both globally and locally?

a. ecological

b. maturational

c. information processing

d. universality

a. ecological

If a researcher says that the motor skill of walking is driven by an interrelationship of many variables and places an importance on multiple systems the researcher would most likely agree with what theory?

a. ecological

b. neuromaturational

c. maturational

d. information processing

e. body scaling

a. ecological

What was the Maturational Perspective on the role of the environment?

a. it only affects development temporarily

b. it does not affect development at all

c. it permanently alters the course of development

a. it only affects development temporarily

A researcher who explains the onset of a new motor skill as the reinforcement of stimulus-response bonds (or that the passive human responds to stimuli) uses which of the following theoretical perspectives?

a. information processing

b. cognitivism

c. ecological

d. dynamic systems

e. maturational

a. information processing

An individual is having difficulty learning to swim. Which theoretical perspective attributes the problems with swimming to the individual's lack of central nervous system development?

a. maturational

b. information processing

c. ecological

d. cognitivism

e. dynamical systems

a. maturational

Why are many older adults more easily distracted and less able to attend well to critical stimuli than when they were younger?

a. because of a loss in self-esteem

b. because of a lowered signal-to-noise ratio in the PNS

c. because of a lowered signal-to-noise ratio in the CNS

d. because of poor general health

c. because of a lowered signal-to-noise ratio in the CNS

Short-term memory starts to decline after it reaches its peak at 25 years of age.

a. true

b. false

b. false

At what age does short-term memory reach its highest level?

a. 15

b. 20

c. 25

d. 30

e. 35

c. 25

Individuals reach the peak on most of their cognitive abilities in their 40s.

a. true

b. false

b. false

Crystallized intelligence peaks into a person's

a. 20s

b. 30s

c. 40s

d. 50s

e. 60s

e. 60s

Effective practice that promotes motor skill learning in a 15-year-old may not be effective for a 5- or a 65-year-old.

a. true

b. false

a. true

Individual 1 practices tennis twice a week, whereas individual 2 practices tennis every day. Can we conclude that individual 2 will perform almost three times better than individual 1?

a. yes

b. no

b. no

Information processing speed reaches its peak at what age?

a. 15

b. 20

c. 25

d. 30

e.35

b. 20

What is the "washout" time in a motor learning experiment?

a. the acquisition time when participants are learning the skill

b. the time between the performance and the retention or transfer test

c. the time between the retention and transfer tests

d. the time following the retention and transfer tests

b. the time between the performance and the retention or transfer test

Which one is an indicator of information processing speed?

a. performance

b. retention

c. simple reaction time

d. transfer

e. knowledge of results

c. simple reaction time

what gives freedom?

discipline

what are characteristics of motor development?

-change in movement behavior

-sequential, age-related, and continuous

-depends on underlying processes

what area of study is relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience?

motor learning

what area of study is the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement?

motor control

what is the quantitative increase in size or body mass?

physical growth

what is the qualitative advance in biological makeup; cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition?

physical maturation

what is the process occurring with passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death?

aging

what do constraints do?

-SHAPE movement

-limit or discourage certain movements

-BUT permit or encourage other movements

what constraints are inside the body (internal)? what are the two subcategories?

individual constraints; structural and functional constraints

which constraints are related to the body's structure? (height, muscle mass)

structural constraints?

which constraints are related to behavioral function? (attention, motivation)

functional constraints

which constraints are outside the body and properties of the world around us? what are the subcategories?

environmental constraints; global, physical, sociocultural

which constraints are not task specific?

global constraints

which constraints describes gravity, surfaces, etc.?

physical constraints

which constraint describes gender roles, cultural norms, etc.?

sociocultural contraints

which constraint are external to the body and is related specifically to tasks or skills? (goal, rules of game, equipment)

task constraints

what typical research study involves and individual or group being observed over time and can require lengthy observation?

longitudinal study

which typical research study involves individuals or groups of different ages being observed at the same time and where changes are inferred, not actually observed?

cross-sectional study

what typical research study involves mini-longitudinal studies with overlapping ages?

sequential or mixed longituidinal

what focuses on how individuals might learn differently across the life span?

developmental motor learning

how is motor learning studied?

-a period of time to learn/acquire a skill

-rest

-a retention test

-OR a transfer test

what test is similar to that at end of acquisition?

retention test performance

what test is more advanced than learning a new skill?

transfer test performance

what is the time scale for motor learning?

minutes/hours/days

what is the time scale for motor development?

weeks/months/years

what perspective is developmental motor learning typically studied from?

information processing perspective

what are the stages of Fitts and Posner's stages of motor learning?

cognitive, associative, autonomous

what stage is where the learner has to get the idea of the movement and makes errors that are variable and inconsistent?

the cognitive stage of fitts and posner's

what stage is where the learner begins to refine the movement, attentional demands lessen, errors are less variable, and the learner begins to correct them?

the associative stage of fitts and posner's

what stage is where little attention is required to execute the movement and the learner can focus on the game situation or the environment?

autonomous stage of fitts and posner's

what are the stages of bernstein's stages of motor learning?

freezing degree of freedom, releasing degrees of freedom, and exploiting degrees of freedom

what stage of bernstein's stages of motor learning is where the learner minimizes movement and locks some joints?

freezing degrees of freedom

what stage of bernstein's stages of motor learning is where the learner shows more fluid movements and the body segments are coordinated?

releasing degrees of freedom

what stage of bernstein's stages of motor learning is where the learner exploits reactive forces and passive dynamics and the movement is efficient and effective?

exploiting degrees of freedom

what is the difference is constant and varied practive?

constant: repeats the same conditions

varied: uses variations of distance, size, weight, etc.

what type of practice is thought to develop stronger schemas and benefit learning a new task for adults?

varied practice

what stage is the best time for varied practice in children/adults?

the associate stage of learning

what type of feedback comes from the body's internal sensory receptors?

intrinsic feedback

what type of feedback comes from an external or supplementary source?

extrinsic or augmented feedback

what type of feedback is in addition to intrinsic feedback, can refer to the result of movement (KR), and can refer to how the movement was executed (KP)?

extrinsic or augmented feedback

why do children take longer to process information?

-simple reaction time decreases from 3 yrs to adolescence

-slower processing speed is related to central processes (within the CNS, not PNS)

what does central processes include?

attention, memory, and response selection

what group of people learns new tasks more slowly but maintains skills learned early in life?

older adults

what attentional factors play a role in central processes in older adults?

-benefit from warning signals

-easily distracted

-at a disadvantage in a series of rapid decisions

what processing speed changes occur in central processes in older adults?

-simple reaction time slows

-choice reaction time slows

-movement slows

-accuracy is not affected as much as speed

what kind of adults are more like young adults on simple and choice reaction-time tasks than inactive adults?

active adults

does giving children prior information about an event improve their recall of the event?

yes

why is memory capacity hard to study?

it is related to prior knowledge about a topic

what two rhythms is sleep based on/what makes up the circadian rhythm?

sleep drive and wake drive

what is deep sleep with non-rapid eye movement, reflection, information transfer, distillation of memories, and synaptic pruning?

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

what is the CAUSAL role of NREM sleep?

propelling the brain into healthy adulthood

does caffeine disrupt NREM?

YES

what sleep had rapid eye movement, is more predominate in the 2nd half of night, has 30% more brain activity than wakefulness, is focused on INTERNAL signals rather than external, strengthens neural connections, integrates "raw data", increases ability to recognize patterns (facial expressions/social situations), and is a movement rich experience?

REM sleep

what is the mechanism of learning?

sleep

which NREM cycles transfer info/experiences from short-term memory (hippocampus) to long-term memory (cortex)?

NREM 2 & 3

what is tagged during the day and eliminated during sleep?

brain pathways of errors

how many hrs of being awake produces cognitive defects that are equivalent to BAC OF 0.08 (legal limit)?

19 hrs

what causes people to incorrectly interpret facial expression due to more fear bias?

loss of sleep/sleep restricted state

how many hours of sleep increases fear/anxiety and reduces logical decision making?

5-6 hrs

how does melatonin affect the body?

-triggered by darkness

-"opens the gate" for sleep

what can one week of camping and going to bed/waking up with the sun do?

reset people's circadian rhythm

what "causes" development?

SLEEP

what did blocking of REM do in rat pups?

STOPPED development of cerebral cortex

when is the brain fully developed?

25

why does a child in utero spend most of their time in REM "type" sleep and still kick/bump?

they lack paralysis

when does real wakefulness of a fetus occur in pregnancy? for how long?

3rd trimester; 2-3 hrs per day

what is explicit memory for events or facts?

declarative memory

what is memory for skills and motor sequences?

procedural memory

what is abstracting broad rules, representations or concepts from specific examples?

generalization

what does sleep do for emotional processing?

better emotional cognition/regulation

what sleep is connected to post-sleep happiness, emotional processing, and partially to negative emotion, negative psychological states, depression, PTSD?

REM sleep

is it just the duration of sleep that is important, or does timing play a role? what does being of sleep schedule do to the body?

NO

is disrupts physiology and psychology