Invasive Species - Bio IQ

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Quiz 7

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18 Terms

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Native species

A species that occurs where it evolved in situ

  • Still a native species even if it once required colonizing a distant location—as long as they did it without the help of people

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Exotic species

A species that has been moved by people—intentionally or unintentionally—to a region where it did not evolve

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Invasive species

A subset of exotic species that have large ecological or economic impacts

  • Example: Mongoose from India introduced to Hawaii to kill a bird species

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Invasions

The human-mediated redistribution of species to areas where they do not naturally occur/did not evolve/they did not colonize without human assistance

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Exotic species vs. invasive species

Exotic species: have little/no ecological impact

Invasive species are a subset of exotic species that:

  • Spread on their own into wildlands

  • Establish large, self-sustaining populations

  • Directly displace native species (competition or predation) or indirectly by altering ecological interactions (disrupt mutualisms)

  • And/or alter ecosystem processes

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Invaders can be any taxa

  • Plants

  • Diseases

  • Invertebrates

  • Vertebrates

    • Mammals, fish, reptiles

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Biological invasions

  • Intense competition with native places

  • Alteration of the aquatic environment so that it is unsuitable for native species

  • Impacts pollinators—parasitoids and herbivores

  • Disrupts a highly coevolved mutualism between a plant and its pollinator/seed disperser

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The biggest way for invaders to cause ecological impacts

Invaders can alter disturbance regimes

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Disturbance regime

Any natural, external event that removes established plants very quickly

  • Examples: fire and floods

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Why are invasions different than naturally-occurring colonization events?

  1. Rate of colonization, abundance upon arrival

  2. Identity/trophic role of the colonist

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Consequences of invasions

  • Homogenizing flora and fauna globally

  • Loss of endemic species

  • Creates exotic communities

  • Disruption of native ecosystem processes

  • Lowering diversity—less diverse communities are less stable

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Three requirements for every invasions

  1. Propagule supply

    • Has to be a sort of invasive species introduced

    • Propagule: anything that is capable of reproducing

  2. Characteristics of the invader

    • Needs to be well suited to the local conditions

  3. Community invasibility

    • Invasibility: susceptibility to invasion

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Diversity-invasibility relationship

More diverse communities should be less susceptible to invasion compared to less diverse communities

  • More intense competition for resources that the invader has to battle for

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Resilience

How quickly did the species recover

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Resistance to disturbance

Plant community is altered very little by levels of disturbance

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Resilience following disturbance

The community returns to its pre-disturbance composition quickly following disturbance

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Biotic resistance

The ability of communities to resist exotic invasions

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Stability =

resistance + resilience