Exam 1 Holder

taxonomy

science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses

systematics

study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern

what are taxonomic groups based on

hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships derviced from systematics

what are the 3 domains

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

taxon

each group or level in the hierarchial system

what are the 4 kindgoms

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

what domains are prokaryotic

archaea and bacteria

prokaryotic cells

lack and nucleus and lack membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles with an internal membrane system

binomial nomenclature

Genus specific epithet

- genus is capitalized

- specific epithet is NOT capitalized

- whole name is wither italicized or underlined

phylogeny

evolutionary history of a species or group of species

- HYPOTHESIS based on available information

phylogenetic trees are based on what

morphological or evolutionary data

- they are a hypotheses of evolutionary relationships based on available information

monophyletic group

group or species, taxon, consisting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

paraphyletic group

contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

morphological analysis

use of morphological features of extinct and modern species

molecular systematics

analysis of genetic data, such as DNA, RNA and amino acid sequences, to identify and study genetic similarities and propose phylogenetic trees

what are the 2 categories under domain bacteria

proteobacteria (true bacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue green bacteria)

Characteristics of Archea

specialized membranes, surrounded by wall

What are the groups under Kingdom Protista

algae, protozoans, and fungal-like protists

algae

plant like organisms

autotrophic

unicellular through large multicellular

cell wall

protozoans

animal like orgaisms

mostly heterotrophic

unicellular

- includes amoeba and paramecium

fungal like protists

saprotrophic

multicellular

- includes slime molds

characteristics of kingdom fungi

- mostly saprotrophic, some heterotrophic

- mycelium and fruitning body

- cell wall

mycelium

compacted mass of tubular filaments called hyphae

fruiting body

site of spore production

characteristics of kingdom plantae

eukaryotic & multicellular

autotrophic (photosynthesis)

starch as food storage compound, cell wall made of cellulose, and contains photosynthetic pigments ( chlorophylls a&b, beta-carotene)

Kingdom plantae as land plants

they have roots unlike algae these roots allow them to be on land and still get water

What are the 4 groups of K. Plantae

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Phyla under Bryophytes

P. Hepatophyta (liverworts), P. Anthocerophyta (hornworts), P. Bryophyta (mosses)

Bryophytes characteristics

common name: mosses & allies

spore reproduction

requires water

NON VASCULAR

Phyla under Pteridophytes

P. Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes), P. Pteridophyta (ferns & allies)

Pteridophytes characteristics

Common name: ferns & relatives

spore reproduction & needs water for reproduction

vascular

true roots/stems/leaves

Phyla under gymnosperms

P. Cycadophyta (cycads), P. Ginkgophyta (ginkgo), P. Gnetophyta (gnetophytes), P. Coniferophyta (conifers)

Gymnosperms characteristics

SEEDS - no water for reproduction

- nakes seeds because not enclosed for protection

vascular

Angiosperm characteristics

P. Anthophyta

- flowers, fruits

- seeds that are enclosed in fruit

no water for repro

parts of angiosperm seed

embryo, stored food, 2 integuments

oldest living organism

bristlecone pine

biggest living organism

giant sequoia

tallest living organism

coastal redwood

Function of flowes and fruts

flowers attract pollinators and fruit protect the seed and aid in seed dispersal

Characteristics of K. Animalia

multicellular, NO cell wall, sexual reproduction (small sperm w large egg), nervous tissue, hox genes

metazoans

multicellular animals

- divided into two categories: metazoans & eumetazoans

Parazoans

no true tissues or organs (SPONGES)

Eumetazoans

animals with tissues

- divided by symmetry

Symmetry groups

two categories: radial or bilaterial

Radial Symmetry

can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane through the central axis

- think a circle, tube, starfish etc

Bilaterial symmetry

can be divided into two halves along a vertical plane

WE have this symmetry

- cephalization

Diploblastic

two germ layers

- endoderm and ectoderm

- radial symmetry

triploblastic

three germ layers

- endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

- bilateral symmetry

Blastopore

first opening in embryonic development

Protostome

blastopore becomes mouth

Deuterostome

blastopore becomes anus

coelom

fluid filled body cavity

coelomate/eucoelomate

coelom completely lined with mesoderm

pseudocoelomate

coelom only partially lined with mesoderm

acoelomate

lack a body cavity and instead of mesenchyme

what are the functions of the coelom

cushions internal organs, enables movement and growth of internal organs independent of the body wall, fluid acts as a simple circulatory system

rRNA in molecular systematics

used because it is universal in all organism and changes slowly over time

Hox genes in molecular systematics

used because found in all animals and duplications in these genes may have led to evolution of complex body forms

Phylum Porifera

Spongers

- lack tissues, multicellular, pores that filter water and food

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, corals, anemones

development: diploblastic, protostomes

has mesoglea, nerve net and 1 opening with gastrovascular cavity

Mesoglea

gelatinous covering seen in phylum cnidaria & ctenophora

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb jellies

development: diploblastic, protostomes

has mesoglea, nerve net

Cavity: 1 opening with gastrovascular cavity

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

Development: triploblastic, protostomes

Cavity: 1 opening w/ gastrovascular cavity

Enhanced nerve net with 2 cerebral ganglia

Organs and organ systems

Phylum Rotifera

Rotifers

Development: triploblastic, protostomes

Cavity: pseudocoelomate

gut: complete gut tract/ ailmentary canal

nervous: simple brain

'corona'

Phylum Mollusca

Snails, slugs, oysters, octopus, squid

Development: triploblastic, protosomes

Cavity: eucoelomate

gut: complete gut tract

nervous: average nervous system

Phylum Annelida

Segmented rings/ worms

development: triploblastic, protosomes

Cavity: eucoelomate

gut: complete gut tract

Nervous: enhanced nervous system

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

development: triploblastic, protostomes

Cavity: pseudocoelomates

gut: complete gut tract

Phylum Arthropoda

insects, crustaceans, spiders, ticks

Development: triploblastic, protostomes

Cavity: eucoelomate

gut: complete gut tract

nervous system: enhanced NS - SOCIAL insects

SEGMENTED APPENDAGES

Phylum Echinodermata

sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

development: DEUTEROSTOMES, triploblastic

cavity: eucoelomate

gut: complete gut tract

nervous: simple NS

ENDOSKELETON

Phylum Chordata

Development: deuterostomes, triploblastic

cavity: eucoelomate

gut: complete gut tract

- BILATERAl symmetry

5 critical innovations for phylum chordata

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill pouches/slits, postanal tail, endostyle

- must be exhibited at SOME point in life/ development

notochord

cartilagenous supporting rod along dorsal axis

- replaced by vertebral column of hardened cartilage or bone

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

expanded at anterior end (= brain )

enclosed/supported/protected by vertebral column and/or notochord

pharyngeal gill pouches/slits

pharynx- back of mouth cavity

post anal tail

tail extends posterior of anus

endostyle

metabolism

human notochord

replaced as a series of bony elements (vertebrae); only

'pieces' left are the intervertebral discs between vertebrae

human nerve cord

dorsal/hollow w/ largest brain capacity

humans pharyngeal pouches

embryonic development; 1 pair retained as eustachian tubes

Human Postanal Tail

1 vertebra as tailbone (coccyx)

human endostyle

thyroid gland

Subphylum Urochordata

tunicates

invertebrates

marine, filter feeders

Subphylum Cephalochordata

lancelets

invertebrates

marine, filter feeders

Subphylum Vertebra

chordates with vertebral column

what are the addition features that subphylum vertebra contains

vertebral column, cranium, endoskeleton of cartilage or bone, hox genes, neural creat

Cyclostomes

jawless fishes

2 classes: myxini & cephalospidomorphi

class myxini

hagfish

lack jaws, eyes, fins and vertebrae

- skeleton comprised of notochord and cartilaginous skull

- covered with slime

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

lampreys

lack jaws and appendages

- have a notochord cartilaginous vertebral column

Class Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fishes {sharks, skates, rays}

- cartilaginous skeleton & notochord as adults

'jawed' fish

paired appendages (fins)

gills for gas exchange

Class Osteichthyes

bony fish

- bony skeleton

jawed with paired appendages (fins) and gills

tetrapods

these are gnathostomes (jawed mouth) with 4 limbs known as terrestrial vertebrates

terrestrial vertebrates

- transition to land involved adaptations for locomotion, reproduction, gas exchange, and to prevent desiccation

- vertebral column strengthened, hip and shoulder bones braced agains column

Class amphibia characteristics

- most split their life between aquatic and terrestrial stages

- successfully invaded land but reproduct in water

- lung adaptation

- 3 chamber heart, external fertilization, larval stages are aquatic and undergo metamorphosis

-NOT completely separate from water

what are the three orders of class amphibia

Anura, Urodela, Apoda

order anura

frogs and toads

- carnivorous adults, herbivorous tadpoles

- around 90% of amphibians

order apoda

caecilians

- nearly blind tropical burrowers

- secondarily legless

order urodela

salamanders

- often have colorful skin patterns

- most with 4 limbs

Amniotes

tetrapods with desiccation-resisitant egg

bird egg shell

hard and calcareous