AP BIO Unit 2: A tour of the Cell

Cell Membrane

Boundary of the cell

Cytosol

Inside of the cell (jello)

DNA

Deoxyriboucleicacid, genetic material

Ribosomes

Organelle used to make Proteins, top is called large subunit, bottom is small subunit. composed of rRNA (ribosomal DNA) and proteins. can be found freefloating in cytoplasm or attatched to ER. Synthesize Proteins

Prokaryotic

Bacteria Cell that is simple and not compartmentalized. surrounds the cell membrane; strong, rigid and composed of peptidoglycan

Eukaryotic

Animal Cell that is complex and generally larger. compartmentalized. can be one or many cells

Cells are small

maintain optimum surface area for supply and demand. small molecules can enter it.

Nucleus

Large, round organelle usually found in the center of the cell. contains DNA and produces ribosomes

Nuclear Envelope

Membrane of the nucleus, double membrane surrounds the nucleus and separates its contents from cytoplasm

Nuclear Pores

holes in the nuclear envelope for ribosomes to enter

Nuclear Lamina

Proteins on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope supports and gives nucleus its shape

Chromatin

DNA+ proteins, keeps DNA organized

Nucleolus

Area where ribosomes are produced

Rough ER

Produces and directs proteins to its correct destination. Looks like folded, flattened sacks with a bumpy surface. bumps are ribosomes.

Lumen

Space inside ER, proteins synthesized by ribosomes enter this

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium ions. looks like folded, flattened tubes, contains many different enzymes.

Golgi Apparatus

Receives, modifies, packages and ships proteins to its final destination. looks like flattened piece of pita bread.

Cis Face

Side of the golgi apparatus that receives proteins

Trans Face

side of the Golgi that ships out proteins

Protein Modification

Sometimes proteins are altered. they can be shortened or rearranged, have carbohydrates added

Vesicle

A membrane container

Lysosome

Breaks down proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, foods, organelles etc. contains very powerful digestive enzymes. functions best at a pH of 5

Tay-Sachs Disease

A lysosomal storage disorder where the lysosomal enzymes do not work properly and lipids accumulate in the nervous system.

Food Vacuole

Stores and digests food

Contractile Vacuole

Pumps water

Central Vacuole

Stores water and ions

Peroxisomes

Oxidizes molecules, breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Vesicle containing enzymes such as oxidative enzymes and catalase

Mitochondria

Produce Energy (ATP). has two membranes smooth and folded

Outer Membrane Mitochondria

Smooth membrane of the mitochondria

Inner Membrane Mitochondria

Folded membrane of the mitochondria

Cristae

Folds of the membrane in the mitochondria. contains proteins and ribosomes on its surface.

Matrix

Space in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Intermembrane Space

Space between inner and outer membrane in the mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis; produces food/sugars using sunlight. has the outer and inner membrane

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids- stack of quarters

Thylakoid

disk shaped structure- quarter

Chloryphyll

Green molecule found on thylakoids

Plastids

Organelles found in plants and algae (protists)

Endosymbiosis Theory

1.5 billion years ago, a very large bacteria swallowed a smaller bacteria. one of the small bacteria was good at producing energy and became the mitochondria. another small bacteria was good at producing food and became the chloroplast.

Cytoskeleton

Within the cytoplasm, acts as framework of the cell. composed of Microtubules, Actin Filaments, Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate Filaments

Tough fibers that provide stability to the cell. Used as permanent framework for the cell

Actin Filaments

Used for cell movement. Thinnest fiber that looks like strands of pearls connected to each other.

Actin Subunit

Pearls that connect to each other to create actin filaments

Microtubules

Support cell structure and shape; a hollow rod constructed from tubulin

Dimer

formed by alpha and beta tubulin proteins

Centrosomes in animal cells

organizes and produces microtubules. composed of a pair of centrioles surrounded by proteins. arranged at right angles of eachother, and composed of 9 triplets of microtubules.

Centrosomes in plant cells

Microtubule organizing center, does not contain centrioles

Motor Proteins

Can move within a cell using vesicles loaded with cargo that can move along microtubules like a railroad track.

Connector Protein

Attaches vesicle to motor protein

Flagella

Used for cell locomotion. A tail like projection found in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cilia

used for cell locomotion, moves substances along the surface of a cell, and used as an antenna for sensory information. shorter than a flagella

Cell Wall

rigid structure that surrounds some cells. plants, fungi, archea and some protists have cell walls. locaded outside of the cell membrane and composed of cellulose (carbohydrate)

Collagen

an important glycoprotein

Extracellular Matrix of animal cells

Outside of the cell.. mixture of water, proteins, and glycoproteins.

Proteoglycans

Carbohydrate and proteins

integrin

protein found in cell membrane. "antena"

fibronectin

Protein between integrin and proteoglycans

Cell junctions

where two cells attatch to each other

Tight Junctions

formed by a protein belt made by a sheet of cells. substances cannot pass between cells

Desmosomes

attaches the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of another.

Gap Junctions

connection used for chemical or electrical signals that can pass directly from one cell to another.

Plasmodesta

Plasma membrane of adjacent cells are connected through openings in the cell wall. found in plant cells

Integral Proteins

Partially in a lipid bilayer

Peripheral Proteins

Inner or outside surface of the bilayer; not inside of a phospholipid

Reduces Flexibility

saturated bonds and cholesterol within the membrane

Increases Flexibility

unsaturated bonds

Transporters

only allow certain substances to pass in and out of the cell (membrane protein)

Enzymes

speed up chemical reactions (membrane protein)

Attachment

connect to ECM, cytoskeleton (membrane protein)

Cell-cell recognition

act as an ID badge (membrane protein)

Intercellular joining

attach to other cells (membrane protein)

Signal Transduction

respond to environment (membrane protein)

Cytoplasm

Interior of the cell

Plasma membrane

Barrier that only allows specific molecules to pass into the cell made of phospholipids and proteins

How tubules are moved/parts used to move them

A vesicles carries a micro tubule by the power of ATP from a motor protein

Nucleolus

Where ribosomes are made in the nucleus