AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

Instincts

are complex, inherited behavior patterns characteristic of a species.To be considered a true instinct, the behavior must be stereotypical, performed automatically in the same way by all members of a species in response to a specific stimulus.—FREUD

Imprinting

 Ducks and geese form a social attachment to the first moving object they see or hear at a critical period soon after birth by following that object, which is usually their mother.

Drive Reduction Theory

William james said that any human behaviors reflect the operation of instincts 

Sigmud freuds theory of personality was based on instincts that motivate sex or instincts

explain Drive reduction theory

behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives such as hunger, thirst, or sex. Clarck hull

Homeostasis

is the body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism, to stay in balance.

Metabolism

is the sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive.

Incentive theory

suggests that people are motivated to take action by the expectation of rewards or punishments. In simpler terms, it's the idea that people do things because they expect something good to happen or to avoid something bad.

secondary motives

these motives often involve social, emotional, or intellectual needs, such as the desire for achievement, affiliation, or self-esteem.

Yerkes–Dodson rule

states that we usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused, and efficiency of performance is usually lower when arousal is either low or high.

self-actualization

achievement of all of our potentials, and transcendence, which is spiritual fulfillment. LAST ONE

Lateral hypothalamus !!!!!!!!!

was originally called the “on” button for hunger.hunger center, and two of its main functions are the stimulation of feeding behavior and arousal.if it is removed human will not eat and starve to death.

Ventromedial hypothalamus

was called the satiety center, or “off” button, for hunger.integral to many neuroendocrine functions, including glucose regulation, thermogenesis, and appetitive, social, and sexual behaviors.when removed organism will continue to eat unstoppably

obesity

is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.

anorexia nervosa

Underweight people who weigh less than 85 percent of their normal body weight, but are still terrified of being fat

Bulimia nervosa

is a more common eating disorder characterized by eating binges involving the intake of thousands of calories, followed by purging either by vomiting or using laxatives.

Homosexuality

is a tendency to direct sexual desire toward another person of the same sex, and bisexuality is a tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of both sexes.

Heterosexuality

is a tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of the opposite sex.luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosteron

Achievement motive

individuals are driven, inspired or stimulated by successes or accomplishments. In the workplace, achievement motivation leads some people to be high performers who desire success—and fear failure.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

measure achievement motivation, people with high need for achievement tend to choose challenging tasks to satify their need.

Affiliation motive

is the need to be with others.

Intrinsic motivation

is a desire to perform an activity for its own sake rather than an external reward.

Extrinsic motivation

is a desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward from outside the individual, such as money and other material goods we have learned to enjoy, such as applause or attention.

overjustification effect

The overjustification effect effect describes our tendency to become less intrinsically motivated to partake in an activity that we used to enjoy when offered an external incentive such as money or a reward. you like reaing you read they give you money for that you dont like reading.

approach-approach conflicts

which are situations involving two positive options, only one of which you can have.

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

are situations involving two negative options, one of which you must choose.

Approach-avoidance conflicts

are situations involving whether or not to choose an option that has both positive and negative consequence or consequences.

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

which involves several alternative courses. of action that have both positive and negative aspects.

paul ekman

6 basic facial expression 😆

James-Lange Theory

• According to this theory, external stimuli activate our autonomic nervous systems, producing specific patterns of physiological changes for different emotions that evoke specific emotional experiences.

• we see barking dog our sympathethic nervius system activates we run and then realize that we are scared.

• includes current facial-feedback hypothesis (when smiling you become happy)

Cannon-Bard Theory

Cannon and Bard theorized that the thalamus (the processor of all sensory information but smell in the brain) simultaneously sends information to both the limbic system (emotional center) and the frontal lobes (cognitive center) about an event.

• When we see the vicious growling dog, our bodily arousal and our recognition of the fear we feel occur at the same time.

Opponent-Process Theory

• According to opponent-process theory, when we experience an emotion, an opposing emotion will counter the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion.

• When we experience the first emotion on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger and the first emotion becomes weaker, leading to an even weaker experience of the first emotion.

• when you are about to sit on free fall you are more scared then when you sit on it for 5 times

two factor theory, Schachter-singer theory

we should lable emotion first, In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion

Cognitive-Appraisal Theory

• Different people on an amusement park ride experience different emotions.

• According to Richard Lazarus's cognitive-appraisal theory, our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in.

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

three-stage theory of alarm(sympathethic nervus system arousal), resistance(everything remains same but hormones-adrenalin rise), and exhaustion describes our body's reaction to stress.

catasrophes

unpredicable, large-scale disaster

daily hassle

everyday annoyances such as traffic

Type A

high achivers, competative, multitaskers, impations who walk talk and eat quickly.(more likely to experience heart attack in 40s)—traits of anger

type B

more relaxed and calm

id

which consists of everything psychological that is inherited, and psychic energy that powers all three systems.impulsive, pleasure principle, instincts,self-centered

ego

part of the mind that deals with reality and mediates between the demands of the id (our basic desires) and the superego (our internalized moral standards). In simpler terms, it's like the "self" that balances our wants and needs with what's socially acceptable.

superego

Freud's superego is the part of the mind that represents our internalized moral standards and ideals. In simpler terms, it's like the "conscience" that tells us what's right and wrong based on societal norms and values.

Repression

is the pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind: unconscious forgetting.

Regression

someone reverts to behaviors or thought patterns from an earlier stage of development in response to stress or anxiety. In simpler terms, it's like going back to acting or thinking like a child when faced with difficult situations.

Rationalization

Rationalization is a defense mechanism where someone tries to justify or explain their behavior or feelings in a logical or socially acceptable way, even if the real reasons are more emotional or irrational. In simpler terms, it's like making excuses to make something seem okay when it might not be.

Projection

is attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others.

Displacement

is shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another, less threatening person or object.

Reaction formation

acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings.a person unconsciously replaces an unwanted or anxiety-provoking impulse with its opposite, often expressed in an exaggerated or showy way. A classic example is a young boy who bullies a young girl because, on a subconscious level, he's attracted to her.

Sublimation

is the redirection of unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors. angry go for run

Freud stages of psychosexual development stage oral

stage 1. 0-1 sucking when later biting and chewing so explores world with mouth. in adults-smoking,biting nails,chewing pencil

Freud stages of psychosexual development anal oral

stage 2. 1-3 pleasure from defecation at anus.toilet rained conflict deveops. anal-retentive personality cleanliness,orderliness,subborness, anal-explusive personality marks messiness,disorderliness

Freud stages of psychosexual development phallic oral

stage 3. 2-5 genital region and stimulation of genitals becomes source of pleasure.

oedipus complex:desire for perant of oppsite sex and fear of punishment from same sex perant

Carl Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality:Personal unconscious

is similar to Freud's preconscious and unconscious, a storehouse of all our own past memories, hidden instincts, and urges unique to us.

Carl Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality: Collective unconscious

is the powerful and influential system of the psyche that contains universal memories and ideas that all people have inherited from our ancestors over the course of evolution.An example would be the universal fear of snakes or spiders.

Carl Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality: Archetypes

or common themes found in all cultures, religions, and literature, both ancient and modern.

Carl Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality: individuation

is the psychological process by which a person becomes an individual, a unified whole, including conscious and unconscious processes.

karen horney psychoanalytical theory

Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of interpersonal relationships and social factors in shaping personality, rather than solely on unconscious instincts and drives as Freud proposed. She emphasized the importance of cultural influences, particularly the need for love and security, in understanding human behavior.

personal construct theory

humans form personal conceptions about how the world works. People try to observe and to understand their own observations. The world and events are the same to all people, but individuals respond differently to each event and experience.

Reciprocal determinism

which states that the characteristics of the person, the person's behavior, and the environment all affect one another in two-way causal relationships.interaction and mutual influence between individual factors, such as cognition and behavior, and social factors, such as environmental influences.

Reciprocal determinism is the idea that behavior is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events.

a child acts out because they don't like school

Self-efficacy

is our belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks, and that we are competent.

Collective efficacy

is our perception that with collaborative effort, our group will obtain its desired outcome.

internallocus of control

it's whether you think things happen because of your own actions (internal locus of control)

external locus of control

External locus of control refers to the belief that events in one's life are primarily controlled by external factors such as luck, fate, or other people. In simpler terms, it's the idea that things happen to you rather than being under your own control.

behavioral signatures

Behavioral signatures are unique patterns of behavior or actions that are characteristic of an individual or a group. These signatures can be identified through consistent behaviors, preferences, or habits that distinguish one person or group from another. In simpler terms, it's like a personal or group "style" of behavior that sets them apart from others.

Cardinal trait

is a defining characteristic, in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes all of our behavior.one that dominates your entire personality, and hence your life

Central trait

• is a general characteristic, between 5 and 10 of which shape much of our behavior.Central traits are those that make up our personalities (such as loyal, kind, agreeable, friendly, sneaky, wild, and grouchy).

factor analysis

statistical procedure that identifies common factors in groups of items

extroversion

measures our sociability tendecy to pay attenction to external enviroment

neurotisicm

measures our levels of instability how moody anxious and unreliable we are

psychoticism

measures our level of tough-mindedness, hostile, insestivive

source traits

underlying personality characteristicd

halo effect

The halo effect is a cognitive bias where our overall impression of a person influences our perceptions of specific traits or characteristics associated with that person. In simpler terms, it's like when we think someone who is physically attractive must also be intelligent or kind, even if we don't have evidence for those traits.

Hawthorne effect

phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior or performance in response to being observed or studied. In simpler terms, it's like when people change how they act because they know they're being watched, which can sometimes lead to skewed results in research or experiments.

Self-concept:

is our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves.

Self-esteem

is one part of our self-concept, or how we evaluate ourselves.

• Our self-esteem is affected by our emotions and comes to mean how worthy we think we are.