complexity of genomes

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18 Terms

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the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes

Prokaryotic genomes lack a nuclear envelope

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how prokaryotic genes are often organised

Into operons, controlled by a single promoter.

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lac operon protein coding genes

lacZ, lacY, lacA

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lacI role

encodes a protein upstream of the operon that regulates whether the operon is transcribed.

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function of promoter (P) in an operon

binds RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

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plasmid

small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

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where plasmids are found

bacteria, and occasionally archaea and eukaryotes (e.g., yeast).

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traits provided by plasmids

Antibiotic resistance, heavy metal/drug resistance, virulence factors, nitrogen fixation, sulphur utilization, hydrocarbon degradation.

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horizontal gene transfer

non-reproductive transfer of genetic material between organisms

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plasmid “copy number”

the number of plasmids per cell (varies from 1 to several hundred)

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plasmid use in biotechnology

commonly used as vectors for recombinant DNA technology

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histones

proteins essential for packaging DNA into chromatin in eukaryotic cells. highly conserved across animals.

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percentage of human DNA that is considered “junk”

~92%

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why junk DNA exists, according to the neural theory of evolution

It has little effect on fitness and is not removed by natural selection, so it accumulates.

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pangenome

the total genetic material in a collection of genomes for a species.

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core genome

Genes present in every individual of a species.

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how do core and pangenome sizes change as more genomes are sequenced?

core genome size decreases, pangenome size increases.

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mitochondria inheritance

maternally