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the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes
Prokaryotic genomes lack a nuclear envelope
how prokaryotic genes are often organised
Into operons, controlled by a single promoter.
lac operon protein coding genes
lacZ, lacY, lacA
lacI role
encodes a protein upstream of the operon that regulates whether the operon is transcribed.
function of promoter (P) in an operon
binds RNA polymerase to initiate transcription
plasmid
small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
where plasmids are found
bacteria, and occasionally archaea and eukaryotes (e.g., yeast).
traits provided by plasmids
Antibiotic resistance, heavy metal/drug resistance, virulence factors, nitrogen fixation, sulphur utilization, hydrocarbon degradation.
horizontal gene transfer
non-reproductive transfer of genetic material between organisms
plasmid “copy number”
the number of plasmids per cell (varies from 1 to several hundred)
plasmid use in biotechnology
commonly used as vectors for recombinant DNA technology
histones
proteins essential for packaging DNA into chromatin in eukaryotic cells. highly conserved across animals.
percentage of human DNA that is considered “junk”
~92%
why junk DNA exists, according to the neural theory of evolution
It has little effect on fitness and is not removed by natural selection, so it accumulates.
pangenome
the total genetic material in a collection of genomes for a species.
core genome
Genes present in every individual of a species.
how do core and pangenome sizes change as more genomes are sequenced?
core genome size decreases, pangenome size increases.
mitochondria inheritance
maternally