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Prepositional phrases
Common prepositions that help indicate relationships in time and space.
Common Prepositions
in, on, at, by, for, with, about, under, over, between, during, across, near, through, since, among.
Adverbs
Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Often answer how, when, where, or to what extent.
Examples of Adverbs
quickly, very, always, yesterday, here, almost.
Grammatical errors
Mistakes in sentence structure that need to be identified and corrected.
Comma splices
Errors that occur when two independent clauses are joined with a comma without a coordinating conjunction.
Run-on sentence
A sentence that connects two independent clauses without proper punctuation or conjunction.
FANBOYS
A mnemonic for coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Root Words
Basic words from which other words are formed, often with Greek or Latin origins.
Artic
Greek root meaning 'Bear/Relating to the North Pole'.
Bromine
Greek root meaning 'Stench, bad smell'.
Calli-
Greek root meaning 'White, beautiful'.
Diameter
Greek root meaning 'Through, across, apart'.
Eme-
Greek root meaning 'Vomit'.
Fantasy
Greek root meaning 'To show, to appear'.
Hept-
Greek root meaning 'Seven'.
Acrimonious
Latin root meaning 'Sharp, bitter, pungent'.
Burse
Latin root meaning 'Purse, bag, pouch'.
Dub-
Latin root meaning 'Doubtful'.
Feroc-
Latin root meaning 'Fierce, savage'.
Host-
Latin root meaning 'Stranger, enemy'.
Lacrim-
Latin root meaning 'Cry, tears'.
Oner-
Latin root meaning 'Burden, load'.
Fort-
Latin root meaning 'Strong'.
Judic-
Latin root meaning 'Judge'.
Mult-
Latin root meaning 'Much, many'.
Amor-
Latin root meaning 'Love'.
Brev-
Latin root meaning 'Short, brief'.
Cili-
Latin root meaning 'Eyelash, eyelid'.
Dorm-
Latin root meaning 'Sleep'.
Meaning
Use surrounding words to define unknown vocabulary.
Tone
The author's attitude toward the subject or audience.
Imagery
Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.
Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds.
Stanza
A grouped set of lines in a poem.
Onomatopoeia
A word that imitates a sound.
Couplet
Two lines that rhyme and go together.
Repetition
Repeating words or phrases for effect.
Sound
Elements that appeal to hearing: rhyme, rhythm, meter.
Quatrain
A stanza of four lines, often with a rhyme scheme.
Theme
A message that a reader can learn from a story or text.
Rules of Theme
Not a cliché, written as a complex sentence, universal (applies to many people and situations).
Fear of growing up
Can lead individuals to resist change and isolate themselves from others.
Emotional Instability
When people suppress their grief instead of facing it, it can cause emotional instability and confusion.
Holden's Grief
Holden struggles with the death of his brother Allie, which influences many of his actions and breakdowns.
Loneliness in Authenticity
Those who long for authenticity in a superficial world often experience loneliness and disconnection.
Holden's Search for Genuine People
Holden searches for genuine people but feels alone because he sees most interactions as phony.
Temporary Innocence
Even though innocence is temporary, trying to preserve it can reveal deep emotional truths about human nature.
Catcher in the Rye
Holden's dream of being the 'catcher in the rye' shows his desire to protect purity and simplicity in a changing world.
Red Hunting Hat
Represents Holden's uniqueness and need for security. He wears it when he's vulnerable.
Museum of Natural History
Symbolizes Holden's desire for things to stay the same - unchanging and predictable, unlike life.
Ducks in the Lagoon
Symbolize change, uncertainty, and Holden's curiosity about survival and where things go when life gets tough.
The Catcher in the Rye Symbol
Symbolizes Holden's desire to protect childhood innocence and stop kids from falling into the adult world.
Holden's Expulsion
Holden is expelled from Pencey Prep (not his first expulsion).
Fight with Stradlater
He fights with his roommate Stradlater over Jane Gallagher.
Travel to New York City
Leaves Pencey early and travels to New York City.
Hotel Encounters
Stays in a hotel, meets various people including a prostitute and two nuns.
Struggles with Adulthood
Struggles with adult situations and feels disconnected.
Date with Sally Hayes
Calls and meets old friend Sally Hayes but ends the date badly.
Memories of Allie
Recalls memories about his younger brother, Allie, who died of leukemia.
Emotional Breakdown
Has an emotional breakdown and sneaks home to see Phoebe.
Fantasy of Catcher
Reveals his fantasy of being the 'catcher in the rye.'
Zoo Carousel
Takes Phoebe to the zoo and watches her ride the carousel.
Theme of Tyranny
When people let fear of tyranny outweigh reason, they may justify immoral actions as necessary for the greater good.
Brutus's Conspiracy
Brutus joins the conspiracy, believing Caesar's ambition is dangerous—even without proof.
Ambition and Power
Ambition can lead individuals to seize power, but it also invites mistrust, betrayal, and destruction.
Caesar's Assassination
Caesar's rise sparks fear among the Senate, ultimately leading to his assassination.
Manipulative Rhetoric
Manipulative rhetoric can be more powerful than violence in shaping public opinion and controlling society.
Mark Antony's Speech
Mark Antony's funeral speech turns the crowd against the conspirators using emotional and persuasive language.
Loyalty to Ideals
Loyalty to ideals can blind people to the consequences of their actions and cause harm to those they meant to protect.
Brutus's Choices
Brutus is loyal to Rome, but his choices lead to civil war and the deaths of many—including himself.
Soothsayer's Warning
Symbolizes fate and the idea that destiny cannot be escaped, no matter how powerful someone is.
Calpurnia's Dream
Symbolizes a bad omen and Caesar's unavoidable downfall. Her vision of Caesar's statue bleeding warns of his assassination.
The Crown
Represents power, ambition, and the temptation of absolute rule. Caesar refuses it publicly, but his actions raise suspicion.
Fake Letters
Symbolize manipulation and deception. They are used to influence Brutus's decision to join the conspiracy.
Ghost of Caesar
Represents guilt and fate.
Brutus
Noble, dignified; Loyal, conflicted, honorable, idealistic, guilt-ridden; Friend of Caesar, joins the conspiracy out of belief in Rome's good.
Cassius
Strong, persuasive; Jealous, manipulative, cynical, ambitious; Leader of the conspiracy, skilled in rhetoric.
Mark Antony
Charismatic, energetic; Loyal to Caesar, passionate, clever; Skilled orator, turns public opinion against conspirators.
Calpurnia
Caesar's wife (no detailed physical description); Worried, intuitive, loving; Tries to warn Caesar about his assassination.
Holden Caulfield
Tall, skinny, red hunting hat; Conflicted, depressed, anxious, nostalgic, lonely, rebellious; Intelligent, judgmental, sensitive, protective of innocence, unreliable narrator.
Phoebe Caulfield
Young, small, bright eyes; Caring, mature for her age, happy, curious; Holden's younger sister, represents innocence and hope.
Allie Caulfield
Red hair; Kind, gentle, smart; Symbol of innocence and loss, deeply missed by Holden.
Stradlater
Handsome, well-groomed; Confident, careless, somewhat selfish; Holden's roommate, represents the 'phony' adult world.
Julius Caesar
Powerful, commanding presence (not deeply described physically); Ambitious, confident, somewhat arrogant; Leader of Rome, seen as a potential tyrant by conspirators.
Simile in 'The Fish'
"his brown skin hung in strips / like ancient wallpaper."
Metaphor in 'The Fish'
"a five-haired beard of wisdom" compares the fish's hooks to a wise old beard.
Personification in 'The Fish'
"victory filled up / the little rented boat" gives victory human-like action.
Theme of 'The Fish'
True strength lies in survival and dignity, even in defeat.
Personification in 'The Guitar'
"It weeps monotonously / As weeps the water."
Metaphor in 'The Guitar'
"A wounded heart, / Wounded by five swords" symbolizes sorrow.
Imagery in 'The Guitar'
"Warm southern sands / Desiring white camellias" evokes a sense of longing.
Theme of 'The Guitar'
Unexpressed sorrow can echo endlessly, even through art.
Onomatopoeia in 'Jazz Fantasia'
"bang-bang!" mimics drum sounds.
Metaphor in 'Jazz Fantasia'
"moan like an autumn wind" compares music to wind.
Imagery in 'Jazz Fantasia'
"a red moon rides on the humps of the low river hills" paints a vivid scene.
Theme of 'Jazz Fantasia'
Art reflects the chaos, sorrow, and beauty of human emotion.
Metaphor (The Weary Blues)
"He made that poor piano moan with melody"
Simile
"He slept like a rock or a man that's dead"
Theme (The Weary Blues)
Music becomes a voice for pain and a temporary escape from suffering.