Final Exam Study Guide: Grammar, Literature, and Poetry

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137 Terms

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Prepositional phrases

Common prepositions that help indicate relationships in time and space.

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Common Prepositions

in, on, at, by, for, with, about, under, over, between, during, across, near, through, since, among.

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Adverbs

Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Often answer how, when, where, or to what extent.

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Examples of Adverbs

quickly, very, always, yesterday, here, almost.

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Grammatical errors

Mistakes in sentence structure that need to be identified and corrected.

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Comma splices

Errors that occur when two independent clauses are joined with a comma without a coordinating conjunction.

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Run-on sentence

A sentence that connects two independent clauses without proper punctuation or conjunction.

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FANBOYS

A mnemonic for coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

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Root Words

Basic words from which other words are formed, often with Greek or Latin origins.

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Artic

Greek root meaning 'Bear/Relating to the North Pole'.

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Bromine

Greek root meaning 'Stench, bad smell'.

<p>Greek root meaning 'Stench, bad smell'.</p>
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Calli-

Greek root meaning 'White, beautiful'.

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Diameter

Greek root meaning 'Through, across, apart'.

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Eme-

Greek root meaning 'Vomit'.

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Fantasy

Greek root meaning 'To show, to appear'.

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Hept-

Greek root meaning 'Seven'.

<p>Greek root meaning 'Seven'.</p>
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Acrimonious

Latin root meaning 'Sharp, bitter, pungent'.

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Burse

Latin root meaning 'Purse, bag, pouch'.

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Dub-

Latin root meaning 'Doubtful'.

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Feroc-

Latin root meaning 'Fierce, savage'.

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Host-

Latin root meaning 'Stranger, enemy'.

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Lacrim-

Latin root meaning 'Cry, tears'.

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Oner-

Latin root meaning 'Burden, load'.

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Fort-

Latin root meaning 'Strong'.

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Judic-

Latin root meaning 'Judge'.

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Mult-

Latin root meaning 'Much, many'.

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Amor-

Latin root meaning 'Love'.

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Brev-

Latin root meaning 'Short, brief'.

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Cili-

Latin root meaning 'Eyelash, eyelid'.

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Dorm-

Latin root meaning 'Sleep'.

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Meaning

Use surrounding words to define unknown vocabulary.

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Tone

The author's attitude toward the subject or audience.

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Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.

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Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds.

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Stanza

A grouped set of lines in a poem.

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Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates a sound.

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Couplet

Two lines that rhyme and go together.

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Repetition

Repeating words or phrases for effect.

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Sound

Elements that appeal to hearing: rhyme, rhythm, meter.

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Quatrain

A stanza of four lines, often with a rhyme scheme.

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Theme

A message that a reader can learn from a story or text.

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Rules of Theme

Not a cliché, written as a complex sentence, universal (applies to many people and situations).

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Fear of growing up

Can lead individuals to resist change and isolate themselves from others.

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Emotional Instability

When people suppress their grief instead of facing it, it can cause emotional instability and confusion.

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Holden's Grief

Holden struggles with the death of his brother Allie, which influences many of his actions and breakdowns.

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Loneliness in Authenticity

Those who long for authenticity in a superficial world often experience loneliness and disconnection.

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Holden's Search for Genuine People

Holden searches for genuine people but feels alone because he sees most interactions as phony.

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Temporary Innocence

Even though innocence is temporary, trying to preserve it can reveal deep emotional truths about human nature.

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Catcher in the Rye

Holden's dream of being the 'catcher in the rye' shows his desire to protect purity and simplicity in a changing world.

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Red Hunting Hat

Represents Holden's uniqueness and need for security. He wears it when he's vulnerable.

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Museum of Natural History

Symbolizes Holden's desire for things to stay the same - unchanging and predictable, unlike life.

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Ducks in the Lagoon

Symbolize change, uncertainty, and Holden's curiosity about survival and where things go when life gets tough.

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The Catcher in the Rye Symbol

Symbolizes Holden's desire to protect childhood innocence and stop kids from falling into the adult world.

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Holden's Expulsion

Holden is expelled from Pencey Prep (not his first expulsion).

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Fight with Stradlater

He fights with his roommate Stradlater over Jane Gallagher.

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Travel to New York City

Leaves Pencey early and travels to New York City.

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Hotel Encounters

Stays in a hotel, meets various people including a prostitute and two nuns.

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Struggles with Adulthood

Struggles with adult situations and feels disconnected.

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Date with Sally Hayes

Calls and meets old friend Sally Hayes but ends the date badly.

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Memories of Allie

Recalls memories about his younger brother, Allie, who died of leukemia.

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Emotional Breakdown

Has an emotional breakdown and sneaks home to see Phoebe.

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Fantasy of Catcher

Reveals his fantasy of being the 'catcher in the rye.'

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Zoo Carousel

Takes Phoebe to the zoo and watches her ride the carousel.

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Theme of Tyranny

When people let fear of tyranny outweigh reason, they may justify immoral actions as necessary for the greater good.

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Brutus's Conspiracy

Brutus joins the conspiracy, believing Caesar's ambition is dangerous—even without proof.

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Ambition and Power

Ambition can lead individuals to seize power, but it also invites mistrust, betrayal, and destruction.

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Caesar's Assassination

Caesar's rise sparks fear among the Senate, ultimately leading to his assassination.

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Manipulative Rhetoric

Manipulative rhetoric can be more powerful than violence in shaping public opinion and controlling society.

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Mark Antony's Speech

Mark Antony's funeral speech turns the crowd against the conspirators using emotional and persuasive language.

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Loyalty to Ideals

Loyalty to ideals can blind people to the consequences of their actions and cause harm to those they meant to protect.

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Brutus's Choices

Brutus is loyal to Rome, but his choices lead to civil war and the deaths of many—including himself.

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Soothsayer's Warning

Symbolizes fate and the idea that destiny cannot be escaped, no matter how powerful someone is.

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Calpurnia's Dream

Symbolizes a bad omen and Caesar's unavoidable downfall. Her vision of Caesar's statue bleeding warns of his assassination.

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The Crown

Represents power, ambition, and the temptation of absolute rule. Caesar refuses it publicly, but his actions raise suspicion.

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Fake Letters

Symbolize manipulation and deception. They are used to influence Brutus's decision to join the conspiracy.

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Ghost of Caesar

Represents guilt and fate.

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Brutus

Noble, dignified; Loyal, conflicted, honorable, idealistic, guilt-ridden; Friend of Caesar, joins the conspiracy out of belief in Rome's good.

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Cassius

Strong, persuasive; Jealous, manipulative, cynical, ambitious; Leader of the conspiracy, skilled in rhetoric.

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Mark Antony

Charismatic, energetic; Loyal to Caesar, passionate, clever; Skilled orator, turns public opinion against conspirators.

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Calpurnia

Caesar's wife (no detailed physical description); Worried, intuitive, loving; Tries to warn Caesar about his assassination.

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Holden Caulfield

Tall, skinny, red hunting hat; Conflicted, depressed, anxious, nostalgic, lonely, rebellious; Intelligent, judgmental, sensitive, protective of innocence, unreliable narrator.

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Phoebe Caulfield

Young, small, bright eyes; Caring, mature for her age, happy, curious; Holden's younger sister, represents innocence and hope.

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Allie Caulfield

Red hair; Kind, gentle, smart; Symbol of innocence and loss, deeply missed by Holden.

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Stradlater

Handsome, well-groomed; Confident, careless, somewhat selfish; Holden's roommate, represents the 'phony' adult world.

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Julius Caesar

Powerful, commanding presence (not deeply described physically); Ambitious, confident, somewhat arrogant; Leader of Rome, seen as a potential tyrant by conspirators.

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Simile in 'The Fish'

"his brown skin hung in strips / like ancient wallpaper."

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Metaphor in 'The Fish'

"a five-haired beard of wisdom" compares the fish's hooks to a wise old beard.

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Personification in 'The Fish'

"victory filled up / the little rented boat" gives victory human-like action.

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Theme of 'The Fish'

True strength lies in survival and dignity, even in defeat.

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Personification in 'The Guitar'

"It weeps monotonously / As weeps the water."

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Metaphor in 'The Guitar'

"A wounded heart, / Wounded by five swords" symbolizes sorrow.

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Imagery in 'The Guitar'

"Warm southern sands / Desiring white camellias" evokes a sense of longing.

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Theme of 'The Guitar'

Unexpressed sorrow can echo endlessly, even through art.

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Onomatopoeia in 'Jazz Fantasia'

"bang-bang!" mimics drum sounds.

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Metaphor in 'Jazz Fantasia'

"moan like an autumn wind" compares music to wind.

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Imagery in 'Jazz Fantasia'

"a red moon rides on the humps of the low river hills" paints a vivid scene.

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Theme of 'Jazz Fantasia'

Art reflects the chaos, sorrow, and beauty of human emotion.

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Metaphor (The Weary Blues)

"He made that poor piano moan with melody"

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Simile

"He slept like a rock or a man that's dead"

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Theme (The Weary Blues)

Music becomes a voice for pain and a temporary escape from suffering.