PHIL 130 Quiz 1 Study Guide

A;; cats are mammals. Socrates is a mammal. Therefore, Socrates is a cat.

Invaild and Unsound

No mammals are warm blooded. Socrates is a mammal. Therefore, Socrates is warm-blooded.

Invalid and unsound

All mammals are vertebrates. Some pets are mammals. Therefore, some pets are vertebrates.

Valid and Sound

If a number is even, then it is divislbe by tree. Four is even, Therefore, four is divisble by three.

Valid and Unsound

If a number is divisbile by four, then it is even. Twelve is even, Therefroe, twelve is divisble by four.

Invalid and Unsound

Josh Coen

Philsophers think deeply, ambisouisly, and craefully.

Elizebeth Harmah

Philo is abt anything the burden is on the author to convence us of their point

Gideon Rosen (a lot of jews in this book)

philo is an intellectical oritation to the mostly unphilo problems in life taht can be both practical and theorhetical.

Seanna Shiffrin

Philo investigates meaning closely.

Fides Et Ratio (faithful and rational) John Paul II

Wonder is a premiliary requirment to “awkebn contemplation of creation”

there are fundemtal turths that is evident in the fact that every culture has some kind of philo (legal systems)

Inquiery is the ultimate orgin of all thought

good philo has to have “the spirtual hertiage of humanity”

The weight of knowldege has moved philo away from what is true

Philopshy should investiage being not human knowldege

modern philo has given rise not to truth but to how turth is limited and its conditions resulting is agnostism and relatives

philo has moved away from the “radical question what hte meaning and function of huma , personal and social existence is.

Argument

a sequence of statments, the last one claim being the conclusion.

Premise

statments asserted without proof in the context but whihc may be supported in arguments elsewhere.

Intermidate conclusion

the concluding statment following the first premise but before the final conclusion.

Valid/Invalid

If the premise is true the conclusion must be true.

Proof

A valid argument from a premise that is known to be true

Tactful Assumption

determing the valid assumption of the philospher

Nessicary truths

truths that could not possibly have been false under any circumstances 2+2 can never equal 5

Sound Argument

A valid argument from the true premise

reconstructed Argument

turning a argument into an explit one

Shematic letters

that bullshit with “p therefore Q”

Purpose of Shematic letters

to find the form of a an argument.

Formally valid

When the logcial form alone gatruntees taht the conclusion must be true if all the premises are ture

Formal Logic

Study of formally vald arguments

Socrties Paradsox

iot isi impossiblre yo find exactly the point whyere something is defined or no longer being a cartain thing

Circular Arguemtn

when a conclusion is included in their premise.

DeductivE Argument

If the premise is true, then the conclusion must be 100 percent 0 percent or 1+1=2 math

Inductrive Argument

Based on observations, probale, there is a pattern to it (law)

Inductive fucntions by…

strong to weak idea

Abductive arugment

begins from collection of settled facts then reasdons bakcwards to the hypothesis that would best explain them

Syllogism:

two premises and a conclusion

Propsitional Knowldege

factual knowledge that us framed with the cluase “you may know that”

Epistyemology

Theory of knowledge (person and knowledge)

Knowledge-how

the shit uou know how to do ie tie ur shoe

if S knows P then it must be true that P is true abd S belives P

whatever the fuck that means …

Berleif and P being true are nessicary conbdtions for s to know P

Gettier argument

You are on a mountain, see a fire and smoke above it. Yet the smoke is bugs. You need a four element to Justifed True Beleif (Knowledge)

Nessicary Condition

A necessary condition is something that must happen for an outcome to occur

Suffiecent condition

a sufficient condition is something that guarantees the outcome by itself

Meno

True opionions are valueable but they are suspectable to “running away” whereas knowledge is “shackled”

being good can not be taught but it comes through divine gift

Apparches the question of knowledge from the side

Knowledge must be justified

Knowledge 1 true belief 2 belief 3

1 peminant evidence justifed

2 transiant luck inspiration

3 unlucky unispired

Justifcation

whne you ask why your belive matches reality

Smith and Jones case

Jones will get the job, he has ten coins e

The man with 10 coins will get the job d

smith accepts e on the basis of d

Smith has ten coins so e is true but d is not

smith is justifed in beliving e is true but e is not true therefore not knowledge

The Rule of Conformity

The value of truth, discourse, poltics etc. is only determined by the bennift or apporval of allies/ likes

Propositional attitude

A hope diffrent from belief ythat is in good standing ie not forlon in the face of danger or fear.

Rule of Belief

that a person actually believes—or ought to believe based on the evidence available to them—cannot be properly ignored when evaluating whether that person has knowledge.

Belief can be right in of itself but not always right all things considered.

Epistemic Agent

the capacity to form, maintain, and exchange beliefs based on reasons connected to the truth.

Goal of Inquiry

to gain truth not through just what others tell you to belief

FOR ESSAY

I like this arguement because…

Pro tanto

a reason but not the whole reason

The twitbookians keep us from progress

Begging the Question

When an arugments premise assumes the truth of its conclusion without instead offering independant proof.