Bio Module 1

8/18/26 First day half Module

macromolecules are broken into

monomers

macromolecules to monomers is what process and does what?

Hydrolysis and releases energy to do everyday tasks

tissues form:

organs

how many cells are in a body

30 trillion

what is the order of the human body

atom, molecule, monomer, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

cells are

the smallest unit of life

to be alive cells must

-reproduce

-grow

-be separate from their environment

-take energy from food

two main types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

how do u classify prokaryotic cells

bacterial cells, smaller and simpler, their genetic information is found around the nucleoid region

how do u classify eukaryotic cells

plant/animal cells, contain organelles (such as mitochondria), genetic info is in a membrane enclosed nucleus

what do both of these cells contain

DNA/RNA (genetic info), ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

what is the plasma membrane of the cell

the wall

what do ribosomes make

protein

what is another name for plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer

what is cytoplasm

the liquid containing salt in the cell

how many lines of genetic info does DNA contain and what do they do

2 lines, and give instruction to create organisms

how many lines of info does RNA have, how many types of RNA are there, and what does it do

there is 1 line of info, there are many types of RNA and is involved in making protien

what are ribosomes considered

protein machines

in a prokaryotic cell where can you find ribosomes

roaming around in the cytoplasm

in eukaryotic cells where can u find ribosomes

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (an organelle)

how many regions does the phospholipid bilayer contain and what are they

2, heads and tail groups

which region is hydrophillic

heads

which region is hydrophobic

fatty acid tails

semipermeable meaning:

some molecules can pass others can’t

what does the bilayer do in this situation

protect the tails from water

what is another interchangable term for cytoplasm

cytosol

waht is the cytosol

soupy liquid (cytoplasm)

how much percent of water makes up the cytosol

80%

what does the cytosol include

dissolved salts, all the cells organelles, and macromolecules

what are the 4 major macromolecules

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

what is the function of carbohydrates

short term storage

what is the function of lipids

long term storage

what is the function of proteins

3d cell shape, nametags, sped up reactions, transport proteins

what is the function of nucleic acids

genetic information and instructions

what are examples of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

what are examples of lipids

phospholipids, cholesterol, tryglycerides

what are examples of proteins

cytoskeleton, glycoproteins, enzymes

what are examples of nucleic acids

dna/rna

what are the monomers/subunits of carbohydrates and give the 3 types of the first

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

what are the monomers/subunits of carbohydrates and give the 3 types of the second

disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose

what are the monomers/subunits of carbohydrates and give the 3 types of the third

polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen

what are the monomers of lipids

glycerol, heads, hydrophillic. Fatty acid tails, hydrophobic.

what are the monomers of proteins

amino acids

what are the monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

what is the structure of carbohydrates

carbon structure. Monosaccharides can be linear or rings

what is the structure of proteins

polypeptides are long chains of amino acids

what is the structure of nucleic acids

sugar back bone

what does each nucleotide contain

phosphate, nitrogeneous and sugar bases

what nucleotides do dna and rna both contain

guanine, adenine, cytosine

what nucleotide does dna contain that rna doesnt

thymine

what nucleotide does rna have that dna doesnt

uracil

what is one of the functions of cholesterol

keeps stability in plasma membrane

what are saturated fatty acids

solids that do not bend

what are unsaturated fatty acids

liquids that contain double bonds making it flexible