Pubhealth CA2

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Health

Anatomical, physiological integrity, ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles

Health

The ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress. A feeling of well-being. Freedom from the risk of disease and untimely death

Health

Simply a successful defense of host against forces tending to disturb body equilibrium.

Health

The spectrum concept of health emphasizes that the health of an individual is not static.

Spectrum of health

T/F: Health is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change, subject to frequent subtle variations.

True

Forces or elements that affects health, either positively or negatively

Health determinants

Health determinants: Causative agents, microbes, pathogens

Living/Non-living disease agents

Health determinants: Genetics, inborn genetic defects, immune system, lifestyle (diet, drug use, alcohol use, unprotected sex, smoking), sex, age

Inherent/Acquired characteristics of man

Health determinants: Living condition, culture, religion, society, working condition, social environment (income, discrimination), access to health care

Environmental factors

“The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals.” - As defined by Charles Edward Amory Winslow

Public health

A leading figure in the development of the modern study of public health. Father of Public Health

Charles Edward Amory Winslow

Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency

Public health

Public health is also known as

Community medicine/Community health

Public health focuses on groups of people, rather than just an individual. At the core of public health lies the principle of social justice, providing people the right to be healthy and to live in conditions that will support their health.

Mission of public health

States that the mission of public health is “Fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy.”

Institute of Medicine

States that the mission of public health is “Public health aims to provide maximum benefit for the largest number of people.”

WHO

Prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by medical and allied health professions;

Clinical care

Group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected

Cluster

Factor that contributes to the generation of a trait positively or negatively.

Determinant

Failure of the body’s defense mechanism to cope with forces tending to disturb equilibrium

Disease

Disease or condition present among a population at all times

Endemic

Disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.

Epidemic/Outbreak

Study of the distribution and determinants of health related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems

Epidemiology

Study or theory of the causes or origins of diseases

Etiology

Result of a medical condition that directly affects the length or quality of a person’s life.

Health outcome

A disease or condition that spreads across regions; worldwide

Pandemic

Study of the use and effects of drugs in large numbers of people

Pharmacoepidemiology

An organized effort to promote those specific behaviors and habits that can improve physical, mental, and emotional health

Public health intervention

Number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of population during that period

Rate

Requirements for survival: poor quality can cause sickness/death, often in minutes

Air

Requirements for survival: poor quality/lack of can cause sickness or death in days

Water

Requirements for survival: can sustain or injure; poor quality/lack of can cause sickness or death in days or weeks

Food

Requirements for survival: must have, at least on a seasonal basis

Shelter

Requirements for survival: birthing and protecting the new generation

Care and mutual support

Tribal rules, hieroglyphs, Chinese empire, Bible (leviticus), Koran, Roman senate

Public health codes

“Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law”

Salus populi: suprema lex esta

Ancient Greece: Father of Western Medicine. Believed that illness had a physical and rational explanation. Looked for and described causal relationship between disease and factors such as climate, soil, water, lifestyle, and nutrition

Hippocrates

Ancient Greece: He coined the term epidemic

Hippocrates

Epidemic: "Epis” = ___, “Demos” = ___

on, people

Timeline: Public Diversion of Human Waste: Necessary Tenet of Public Health. Great engineers, founded sewage systems.

Built aqueducts to bring water into the city.

Collected tax for public services

Roman empire

Middle ages/Dark ages: Founded variolation, the process by which material from smallpox sores (pustules) was given to people who had never had smallpox.

Chinese

Middle ages/Dark ages: Shift away from Greek and Roman values. Beginning of public health tools. Quarantine in medieval period. Plague/Black death/Bubonic plague

Europe

Middle age/dark ages: 14th century EU epidemic. A disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulates among wild rodents.

Black death

Timeline: Global exploration. Spread of disease through explorers and traders. Smallpox. SARS

Renaissance

Modern Medicine: 1628 theories of circulation.

Demonstrated function of the heart and circulatory system

Publication of his theories, “An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals”

Willim Harvey

Modern medicine: First to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilization of an egg by sperm. Used dissection (no microscope) to create theories

William Harvey.

Modern medicine: 1796 cowpox experiment. Vaccination of James Phipps.

Coined the term vaccine (vacca)

Laid foundation of modern immunology as a science

Edward Jenner

Timeline: Produced a new set of public health problems: Slums, Poverty, Disease

Industrialization and urbanization

Timeline: Birth of modern public health. Interest in humanitarian ideals.

Acknowledgment of connection between poverty and disease

Birth of system to monitor health status

Great Sanitary Awakening

Great Sanitary Awakening: Plaque model of governmentality. Tx of cholera

Miasma theory of disease

Michael Foucault

Great Sanitary Awakening: Father of Epidemiology. George Washington of public health.

First to identify a polluted public water as a source of 1854 cholera outbreak in London through Epidemiologic mapping.

John Snow

Identified microorganisms as cause of disease

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Identified germs caused many diseases. Established the first public health laboratory

Louis Pasteur

1883 identified the vibrio that causes cholera, 20 years after Snow’s discovery.

Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Robert Koch

Disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm, Onchocerca volvulus eliminated in 1978

River blindness

Polio Vaccine developed in 1952 by

Jonas Salk

Year when Smallpox was eradicated

1979

SDG 1

No Poverty

SDG 2

Zero Hunger

SDG 3

Good Health and Well-being

SDG 4

Quality Education

SDG 5

Gender Equality

SDG 6

Clean Water and Sanitation

SDG 7

Affordable and Clean Energy

SDG 8

Decent Work and Economic Growth

SDG 9

Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

SDG 10

Reduced Inequalities

SDG 11

Sustainable Cities and Communities

SDG 12

Responsible Consumption and Production

SDG 13

Climate Action

SDG 14

Life Below Water

SDG 15

Life on Land

SDG 16

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

SDG 17

Partnerships for the goals

Public Health approach: What is the problem? Identifying the problem

Surveillance

Public Health approach: What is the cause of the problem?

Risk factor identification

Public Health approach: What intervention works to address the problem? Look at what has worked in the past

Intervention Evaluation

Public Health approach: “How can we implement the intervention? Given the resources we have and what we know about the affected population, will this work?” Response

Implementation

Public Health core sciences: Used to monitor a public health situation

Public health surveillance

Public Health core sciences: determine where diseases originate, how or why they move through populations, and how we can prevent them

Epidemiology

Public Health core sciences: support public health by performing tests to confirm disease diagnoses and by conducting research and training

Public Health laboratories

Public Health core sciences: deals with the methods for collecting, compiling, and presenting health information.

Public health informatics

Public Health core sciences: closely linked to public health policy. Studies provide important economic information for decision makers to help them choose the best option available

Prevention effectiveness

Three core functions of public health

Assessment, policy development, assurance

Core functions of Public Health: Knowing what needs to be done. Systemically collect, analyze, and make available information on healthy communities

Monitor health

Diagnose and investigate

Assessment

Core functions of Public Health: Being part of the solution to get it done. Promote the use of a scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making

Inform, educate, empower

Mobilize community partnerships

Develop policies

Policy development

Core functions of Public Health: Making sure it gets done. Ensure provision of services to those in need

Enforce laws

Link to / Provide care

Assure competent workforce

Evaluate effectiveness

Assurance

Patient is the community

Health services (new policies and interventions)

Goal: prevention of disease

Public health

Patient is the individual

Treatment option: drug, surgery

Goal: cure

Medicine

Major reasons for increased longevity: E.g., clean hands before/after eating, after going to the toilet

Improved sanitation

Major reasons for increased longevity: E.g., buying purified water when going to an unfamiliar place/province

Provision of clean water

Major reasons for increased longevity: Eradicate the incidence of certain diseases or pandemics

Universal immunization programs

Major reasons for increased longevity: One of the roles of pharmacists in public health. Educating people about health and prevention practices through outreach or vaccination

Health education and prevention practices

Major reasons for increased longevity: New technology in treating, preventing, and screening (for early detection) of chronic diseases

Improved treatment and prevention of chronic diseases

How we understand threats to health, determine what interventions might work and evaluate whether the interventions worked

Health science

How we as society make decisions about what policies to implement

Health politics

Scope of Public health: In Modern Public Health, COVID-19 and SARS are included.

Infectious diseases

Scope of Public health: Heart diseases, metabolic disorder, cancer, mental health

Chronic diseases

Scope of Public health: Eating habits, insufficient nutrients

Nutrition disorders