Unit 3 LECTURE

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, crops, diseases, and people between the Americas and the rest of the world, following Christopher Columbus's voyages.

Triangular Trade

A trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, in which goods, including enslaved Africans, were exchanged.

Land-based empires

Empires that expanded their territories primarily through land conquest, such as the Qing Empire, Mughal Empire, and Ottoman Empire.

Maritime powers

Powers that expanded their territories primarily through sea exploration and trade, such as the Portuguese and Dutch.

Renaissance

A period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe, characterized by advancements in art, literature, and science.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in Europe that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant denominations.

Scientific Revolution

A period of scientific advancements and discoveries that challenged traditional beliefs and led to the development of modern science.

Modern Age/modernity

The post-Medieval era marked by technological innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries, and globalization.

Encomienda System

A labor system in the Americas where Spanish landowners had the right to use Native Americans as laborers.

Mercantilism

An economic policy that emphasized exports over imports and sought to establish a favorable balance of trade for the mother country.

Manumission

The act of voluntarily setting enslaved people free.

Nuanced racism

Racism that is more subtle and complex in nature.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The trade of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

Middle Passage

The journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, during which many died.

Triangular Trade

The trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of slaves, goods, and resources.

Slave mortality

The high death rate among enslaved people due to harsh conditions and dangerous labor.

African slave trade

The selling of Africans into bondage by both African and European collaborators.

Settler colonies

Colonies established by European settlers in North America.

White people

Refers to people of European descent.

Russification

The process of assimilating non-Russians into Russian culture and language.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by the Manchu ethnic group.

Sinicization

The process of assimilating non-Chinese societies or groups into Chinese culture and language.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful Islamic empire that encompassed Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Jihad

A holy war or struggle in defense of Islam.

Devshirme

The practice of collecting young Christian boys to convert and serve the Ottoman state.

Safavid Empire

An empire in Persia (modern-day Iran) that enforced Shia Islam as the official state religion.

Sunni Islam

The larger branch of Islam that is followed by the majority of Muslims in the Middle East.

Shia Islam

The smaller branch of Islam that is followed by a minority of Muslims in the Middle East.

Safavid Wars

Conflicts between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire, primarily fought along religious lines.

Mughal Empire

An empire in India founded by Central Asian Turks descended from Chinggis Khan and Timur.

Zamindars

Local administrators who extended Mughal rule through tax collection.

Emperor Akbar

The most famous Mughal emperor who practiced religious tolerance and incorporated Hindus into the political-military elite.

Hindu Maratha Confederacy

A Hindu alliance that challenged the Mughals from 1680 to 1707.

Songhay Empire

An empire in West Africa that relied on trade and faced tensions between traditional practices and Islamic views.

Timbuktu

A city in the Songhay Empire that became a center of Islamic learning.

Moroccan Sultanate

Overthrew the Songhay Empire with the use of gunpowder weapons.

Ottoman Empire

A significant empire during the early modern era with complex relations with conquered people.

Spanish Empire

Another empire with conquered people, to be compared with the Ottoman Empire.

Safavid Empire

Different origins compared to the Ottoman Empire, to be further explored.

Aurangzeb

A Mughal emperor who curbed Hindu power and enforced sharia law, leading to changes in Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus.

Women in Mughal India

Continuities and changes in the treatment of women over the course of Mughal rule.

Effects of Islam on Songhay

A comparison of the effects of Islam on the Songhay Empire and Mughal India.