Chapter 1: Mendel's Principles of Heredity
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31 Terms
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genetics
science of heredity
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heredity
the way that genes transmit traits from parents to offspring across generations
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phenotype
observable characteristics
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alleles
alternate forms of a gene
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independent assortment
alleles of one gene separate into gametes randomly with respect to alleles of other genes
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gametes
reproductive cells containing only one copy of each gene
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gene
the heritable entity that determines a characteristic
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segregation
the separation of the two alleles of a gene into different gametes
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heterozygote
an individual with two different alleles of a gene
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dominant
the allele expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote
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F1
offspring of the P generation
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testcross
the cross of an individual of ambiguous genotype with a homozygous recessive individual
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genotype
the alleles an individual has
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recessive
the allele that does not contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote
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dihybrid cross
a cross between individuals both heterozygous for two genes
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homozygote
having two identical alleles of a given gene
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law of dominance
recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles
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law of segregation
two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation
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law of independent assortment
genes for different traits separate from one another during gamete formation
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product rule
the probability that two independent events will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities
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sum rule
probability of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities
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antagonistic pairs
visibly different traits rather than continuous traits
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pedigree
orderly diagrams of a family's relevant genetic features
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Huntington's disease
rare dominant trait disease
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vertical
rare dominant trait pattern of inheritance
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cystic fibrosis
rare recessive trait disease
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horizontal
rare recessive trait pattern of inheritance
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3:1
ratio of progeny phenotypes in a cross between monohybrids
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1:2:1
ratio of progeny genotypes in a cross between monohybrids
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1:0
all progeny are the same phenotype
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9:3:3:1
ratio of progeny phenotypes in a dihybrid cross