CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

1200-1500 (acceptable 600-2000)

average daily urine output (volume)

urea

primary ORGANIC substance in urine

chloride

primary INORGANIC substance in urine

oliguria

Decreased urine output

anuria

absence of urine

nocturia

excessive urination at night

polyuria

excessive urination

diabetes mellitus

diabetes: polyuria with increased specific gravity of urine

diabetes insipidus

diabetes: polyuria with DECREASED specific gravity of urine

2 hours

within how many hours should urine be tested

refrigeration 2-8degC

most routinely used method of preservation of urine

randome urine

most commonly received specimen because of ease of collection and convenience for the patient

first morning urine

ideal screening specimen because it is highly concentratedms

50 mL

container capacity of urine collection

12 mL

volume of urine needed for microscopic analysis

35-45 mL

volume needed for drug testing

4 minutes

within what time should temperature be check for drug testing analysis

32.5-37.7degC

acceptable range of temperature for drug testing

25%

approximately how many percent does renal artery supply blood for kidney

cortical nephron

nephron for removal of water products and reabsorption of nuttiest

juxtamedullary nephrons

nephron for concentration

12000 mL/min

average renal blood flow

less than 70,000 daltons

glomerulus can enter substance weighing how many daltons

1.010

fixed specific gravity of gromerulus

160-180 mg/dL

renal thresholds of glucose

110-130 mg/dL

renal thresholds off

bicarbonate

it is 100% reabsorbed in the kidney

inulin clerance

the original reference method for clearance tests

creatinine clearances

not reliable indicator in patients suffering from muscle wasting disease

MDRD-IDMS-traceable formula

formula recommended by NKDEP for estimated glomerular filtration rate

cystatin C

serum concentration of this substance is directly related to GFR

Beta2-microglobulin

substance dissociate from HLA antigen that is used to measure GFR

radionucleotide

this procedure can be valuable to measure the viability of a transplanted kidney

independent of muscle mass

advantage of Cystatin C

tubular reabsorption

first function affected in renal disease

Osmometry/osmolality

quantitative measurement of renal concentrating ability is best assessed by what method

3:1

normal urine to serum ratio after controlled fluid intake

1:1

normal urine to serum ratio under random normal condition

neurogenic diabetes insipidus

defect in synthesis/release of ADH; normal osmolality after administration of ADH

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Impaired renal response to ADH; persistent abnormal osmolality after administration of ADH

freezing point depression

first principle incorporated into clinical osmometers

lipemic and lactic acid

technical factors that affect freezing point and vapor pressure osmometers

ethanol

technical factors not detected in vapor pressure osmometer

Free water clearance

test used to determine the ability of the kidney to respond to the state of body hydration

P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance

test most commonly associated with tubular secretion and renal blood flow

2pm and 8pm

approximately what time do alkaline tide occur

Amorphous urates

Pink sediment most often evident in specimens that have been refrigerated; produce a precipitate in acidic urine that resemble pink dust due to presence of uroerythrin

Bilirubin

presence is suspected if yellow foam appears when the specimen is shaken

Phenazopyridine

drug for UTI when present produce a yellow foam when shaken which could be mistaken for bilirubin

Alkaptonuria

Disorder characterized by black urine (primarily due to homogentisic acid)

Pseudomonas species

pathogenic cause of blue green urine

klebsiella and providencia

bacteria that cause purple staining in urine

amorphous phosphate and carbonate

produce white precipitate in urine in alkaline pH

specific gravity

defined as the density of a solution coll parted with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

refractive index

comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in solution

0.003

specific gravity correction for each gram of protein

0.004

specific gravity correction for each gram of glucose

1.000

specific gravity when calibrating refractometer with distilled water

1.022 (+/-0.001)

specific gravity when calibrating refractometer with 5% NaCl (pls take note of the percent)

1.034 (+/-0.001)

specific gravity when calibrating refractometer with 9% sucrose (pls take note of the percent)

radiographic contrast media

abnormal high specific gravity above 1.040 often associated with what substance

reagent strip for specific gravity

principle: change in pka of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

bromthymol blue

indicator of the reagent strip for specific gravity

aromatic

odor: normal

Foul, ammonia-like

odor: bacterial decomposition, UTI

fruity, sweet

odor: ketones

maple syrup

odor: MSUD

mousy

odor: phenylketonuria

rancid

odor: tyrosinemia

sweaty feet

odor: Isovaleric acidemia

cabbage

odor: methionine malabsorption

leukocyte esterase

chemical test with the longest reading time (120 seconds)

4.5-8.0

range of urine pH for normal random sample

Urinary pH

there precipitation of inorganic chemicals dissolved in the urine depends on this

reagent strip for urine pH

principle: double-indicator system

methyl red and bromthymol blue

indicator of the reagent strip for urinary pH

albumin

major serum protein found in urine

uromodulin or tamm-horsfall

routinely produced in the distal convoluted tubule that forms the matrix of casts

Bence Jones protein

monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine

40-60 degC

temperature at which bence-jones protein precipitate

100 degC

temperature at which bence-jones protein is soluble

immunoelectrophoresis

chemical test for detection of bence-jones protein

reagent strip for protein

principle: protein errors of indicators

tetrabromphenol blue and acid buffer (pH3)

indicator of the reagent strip for protein

Highly buffered alkaline urine

major source of error with reagent strip for protein testing

Sulfosalicylic acid test

Confirmatory test for protein; cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein

B B L N G

chemical test affected by ascorbic acid

clinitest tablet (composition)

copper sulfate

sodium carbonate

sodium citrate

sodium hydroxide

benedicts solution (composition)

copper sulfate

sodium carbonate

sodium citrate

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

enzyme deficient in "inborn error of metabolism"

reagent strip for glucose

principle: double sequential enzyme

glucose oxide and peroxidase

enzyme involved in chemical test (reagent strip) for glucose

reagent strip for ketones

principle: sodium nitroprusside reaction

acetest tablet test

confirmatory rest for ketones

acetest tablet (composition)

sodium nitroprusside

glycine

disodium phosphate

lactose

glucose

most frequently performed chemical analysis on urine

ictotest

Confirmatory test for bilirubin

ictotest (composition)

p-nitrobenzene-diazonium-p-toluenesulfonate

SSA, sodium carbonate and boric acid

reagent strip for nitrite

rapid screening test for the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI)

Sternheimer-Malbin

most frequently used stain in urinalysis