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How do alkenes react with other elements?
The double bond separates to leave a single bond where new atoms are added, called addition reactions
WHat is the functional group for alkenes?
Carbon-Carbon double bond
What is hydregonation?
Addition of hydrogen as hydrogen reacts with the carbons and forms a saturated alkane
How is alcohol from alkenes are formed?
Water is added to ethene producing ethanol
The mixture is passed from reactors to a condenser
Ethanol have a higher boiling point than ethene so condense while ethene is recycled back to the reactor
The ethanol is purified using fractional distillation
How does bromine test for alkenes?
Bromine water is added to a saturated compound like alkane, so no reaction happen
When bromine water is added to alkenes, it makes a colourless compound so bromine is decolourized
WHat is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
WHat is the functional group for alcohols?
-OH
WHat are properties of acohol?
Flammable - Does combustion
First four alcohols are soluble in water
What is produced when acohols are reacted with sodium?
Hydrogen + alkoxide
What happens when alcohol reacts with oxygen?
The alcohol is oxidised to produce carboxylic acid
Why are alcohols used as solvents?
Because they dissolve substances that water can and cannot dissolve
What are uses of alcohols?
Drinks
Solvents
Fuels
What processes make ethanol?
Fermentation: sugar → ethanol + CO2
Reacting ethene with steam
WHat is teh optimum temperature for fermentation?
37C
WHat is the functional group of carboxylic acid?
-COOH
Ends with -anoic acid
What happens when carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates?
Produce salt, water and CO2
WHat is the reactions between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate?
Ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate → Sodium ehtanoate + water + CO2
What happens when carboxylic acid dissolves in water?
They ionise and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution. However, they do not ionise completely so they form a weak acidic solution, meaning they have a higher pH
What is the functional group of esters?
-COO-
How are esters formed?
alcohol + carboxylic acid → Ester + water
What is the reaction between ethanoic aicd and ethanol?
Ethanoic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water
What are polymers?
Lots of the same molecules joined together in one chain
What does polymerisation mean?
Lots of monomers joined togther to form a long molecule
What conditions does polymerisation need?
High pressures and a catalyst
What are plastics made up of?
Made up of polymers, usually carbon based and monomers are alkenes
What is addition polymerisation?
Unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) open their double bonds to form polymer chains
What are negative environmental impacts of polymers?
Not biodegradeable
Landfill sites quickly fill up
What do condensation polymerizations involve?
Monomers containing different functional groups
How are the polymers made from condensation?
The monomers react togteher and bonds form between them, forming polymer chains. For each new bond that forms, a smaller molecule is lost