adult/elder quiz one - chapter four

ICF

intracellular fluid; consists of all the fluid enclosed within the plasma membranes of the body’s trillions of individual cells

ECF

extracellular fluid; encompasses all biophysical fluids located outside of cell membranes. It acts as a buffer zone and transport system between the external environment and the cells

plasma

the liquid component of blood found inside the cardiovascular system, accounting for about 5% to 7% of total body fluid; it acts as a delivery system to transport blood cells, nutrients, and waste products

interstitial fluid

the tissue fluid that directly bathes and surrounds the cells, making up roughly 12% to 25% of total body fluid; it allows for the constant exchange of water and solutes between the cells and the blood supply

transcellular fluid

a specialized category contained within epithelial-lined spaces, accounting for about 1% to 2.5% of extracellular fluid; cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid in joints, ocular fluid, and digestive juices

homeostasis

fluid and electrolytes must remain balanced; when balance is disrupted, patients can develop fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances

osmosis

a special type of diffusion that applies only to water molecules moving across a partially permeable membrane; passive

diffusion

the random movement of particles or dissolved substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; passive

active transport

the movement of particles across a cell membrane using special protein pumps (ATP); low to high concentration

isotonic

same osmolality as plasma; expands the ECF; has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell; water moves in and out at equal rates, so the cell volume stays stable

hypertonic

higher osmolality than plasma; pulls water toward the ECF; has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell's interior; water rushes out of the cell, causing it to shrink or shrivel

hypotonic

lower osmolality than plasma; has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell's interior; water moves into the cell, causing it to swell or potentially burst

hypotonic IV fluids

0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS) - half of normal saline - GIVE HYPOTONIC IV FLUIDS TO HYPERTONIC PATIENTS WHOSE CELLS ARE SHRUNKEN

isotonic IV fluids

0.9 NaCl (NS), Lactated Ringer’s (LR)

fluid volume deficit

not enough fluid in the body/circulation

fluid volume excess

too much fluid in the body/circulation

hypovolemia

a fluid deficit inside the intravascular compartment (the blood vessels); short on blood volume

hypovolemia causes

diarrhea, drainage, hemorrhage, polyuria, inadequate intake, fluid shifting out of the vascular space

hypovolemia findings

tachycardia, weakness, postural hypotension, dehydration

hypervolemia

fluid volume excess/overload; too much fluid inside the blood vessels (the intravascular compartment)

hypervolemia causes

excess fluid intake, heart failure, renal failure, fluid shifting into the vascular space

hypervolemia findings

weight gain, peripheral edema, increased blood pressure, JVD, bounding pulse, crackles, shortness of breath, orthopnea

edema

palpable swelling; expansion of interstitial fluid volume which can hold an additional 10-30 L of fluid

edema assessment

daily weight, measurements, finger pressure, visual assessment

edema treatment

underlying cause; elevate diuretic therapy

fluid volume overload (overhydration)

0+: no pitting edema; 1+: 2 mm or less (mild; immediate rebound); 2+: 3-4 mm (moderate; 15 seconds rebound); 3+: 5-6 mm (moderately severe; 30 seconds to rebound); 4+: 8 mm or deeper (severe; 1-2 minutes to rebound)

1st fluid spacing

fluid is where it normally belongs

2nd fluid spacing

fluid moves into the tissues —> edema

3rd fluid spacing

fluid gets trapped where the body can’t easily use it

hypokalemia

low potassium

hyperkalemia

high potassium

hyponatremia

low sodium

hypernatremia

high sodium

hypocalcemia

low calcium

hypercalcemia

high calcium

hypomagnesemia

low magnesium

hypermagnesemia

high magnesium

normal serum electrolyte ranges: sodium

136 - 145 mEq/L

normal serum electrolyte ranges: potassium

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

normal serum electrolyte ranges: calcium

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

normal serum electrolyte ranges: magnesium

1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L