OSTEOLOGY OF LOWER LIMBS

Pelvic girdle

Composed of four bones, The two hip bones,the sacrum and the coccyx

symphysis pubis

The two hip bones articulate with each other anteriorly at the

sacroiliac joints

and with the sacrum posteriorly at the

Supports, contains and protects the abdominal and pelvic viscera.

Functions of the pelvis

• Transmits forces from the axial skeleton to the femur

• Child birth

Other Functions of the pelvis

ilium, ischium & pubis.

Hip bone: Fusion of 3 primary bones

acetabular portion

Hip bone: The primary center is on the ___ of each growing bone.

ischiopubi rami

The 2 _____ fuse by the 9th year

triradiate cartilage

At puberty the 3 centers of ossification are joined by

acetabulum

The bones meet at the Y shaped

25 years

Complete fusion occurs at

ischium and pubis

forms an incomplete bony wall of the pelvic cavity

Female: “U” shaped

Male: V shaped

Pubic arch in female is more shaped. Pubic arch in male is more __ shaped

1. acetabulum of hip bone

2. hip joint.

Femur Articulates above with ______ to form the ___

• with tibia and patella

• knee joint

Femur Articulates below _____ to form the ____

Head of Femur

It articulates with acetabulum of hip bone to form hip joint

fovea capitis

Head of femur Has a depression in the center _____ for

the attachment of ligament of the head.

Obturator artery

passes along this ligament to supply the head of femur

Neck

It connects head to the shaft.

the intertrochanteric line (anterior)

Greater & lesser trochanters : _____, where the iliofemoral ligament is attached.

intertrochanteric crest

Posteriorly, the ____ on which is the quadrate tubercle.

Anterior, Medial and Lateral.

SHAFT OF FEMUR: has 3 surfaces:

linea aspera.

2 rounded medial and lateral, and a thick posterior border or ridge

called

PATELLA

is the largest sesamoid bone (lying inside the Quadriceps tendon in front of knee joint).

Tibia

It is the medial bone of leg.

Fibula

It is the lateral bone of leg.

medial condyle

is larger and articulate with medial condyle of femur. It has a groove on its posterior surface for semimembranous

Lateral condyle

• is smaller and articulates with lateral condyle of femur.

• It has facet on its lateral side for articulation with head of fibula to form proximal tibio-fibular joint

Intercondylar area

rough and has intercondylar eminence.

soleal line

Posterior of tibia has oblique line, called ___ for attachment of

soleus muscle

calcaneus

the largest bone of foot, forming the heel