1st Sem-Theoretical Foundation of Nursing (1st Evaluation Exam)

Theory

a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a ==systematic view of phenomena==

Theory

nursing theory is an ==organized framework of concepts== and purposes designed ==to guide the practice of nursing==

1800’s

When was the first nursing theory emphasized by the Nursing Specialist Group's (NSG) education?

Concepts

* ideas and mental images that ==help to describe phenomena==
* ==positive and negative effect==
* ex. tower
* it can be ==concrete or abstract==
* it can specifically ==defines by the theorist==

Metaparadigm

it is a concepts of a person, environment, health, and nursing, ==serve as an umbrella== for other concepts that may be present in a nursing theory

Definitions

convey the ==general meaning of the concepts==

Assumptions

statements that ==describe concepts==

Phenomenon

==aspect of reality== that can be consciously sensed or experienced

Paradigm

model that explains the ==linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline==

Domain

the view or perspective of the discipline

* subject
* central concepts
* values & beliefs
* phenomena of interest
* central problems of the discipline

what contains the view or perspective of the discipline?

1. Person/Client
2. Health
3. Environment
4. Nursing

nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes four linkages, what are the four linkages?

Person

the recipient of nursing care

Person

* patient
* human
* focus

Nursing

the actions of the person administering care

Nursing

* nursing process
* science
* dynamic

Environment

the internal and external conditions surrounding the patient

Environment

* External
* Global
* Effect on the Person

Health

the patient’s level of wellness or well-being

Health

* physical well-being
* social
* mental

* guides ==nursing practice and generates knowledge==
* helps to ==describe or explain nursing==
* enable nurses ==to know WHY they are doing and WHAT they are doing==

What are the purpose of Nursing Theory?

Grand Theories

type of nursing theories that is a @@broad@@ and complex

Middle-range Theories

a type of theory that addresses the ==specific phenomena== and reflect practice

Descriptive Theories

it is the ==first theory development==

Prescriptive Theories

address ==nursing interventions and predict their consequences==

* everyday ==practice enriches theory==
* both practice and theory ==guided by values and beliefs==
* theory helps to r==eframe our thinking about nursing==
* theory guides ==use of ideas and techniques==
* theory can ==close the gap between theory and research==
* to e==nvision potentialities==

why on earth do we need to study nursing theory?

* organize patient data
* understand patient data
* analyze patient data
* make decisions about nursing inventions
* plan patient care
* predict outcomes of care
* evaluate patient out comes

how do nurses use theory in everyday practice?

* nursing is compassionate
* it has empathy
* it has skills
* it is broaden

nursing is an art because?

* it is ==use to have an scientific knowledge==
* method of describing, explaining, and predicting cause or outcomes of inventions

nursing is a science because?

==Religious organizations== and the need for nurses to ==care for soldiers during war time==

who heavily influenced the nursing’s early history?

* helping ==to understand the societal forces and issues facing the profession==
* gaining an a==ppreciation of the role of profession played in the healthcare system==
* describing ==the influence of societal trends on the development of nursing as a profession==
* identifying the ==contribution of the selected leaders in the nursing professions==

what are the importance in studying nursing history?

“theory without practice is empty and practice without theory is blind”

why the systematic accumulation of knowledge is essential to progress in any profession?

Florence Nightingale

In ==1852-1992 “Notes on Nursing”== ==presents the first nursing theory that focuses on the manipulation of the environment for the benefit of the patient==

Florence Nightingale

Her theory is about the environmental theories

The Columbia School 1950’s

In 1950’s the need to prepare nurses at the graduate level for administrative and faculty positions was recognized

Columbia University’s Teacher College

Who developed the graduate education programs to meet these functional needs?

Peplau (1954,1988), Henderson (1955), Hall (1959), and Abdellah (1960)

In the Columbia School the first theoretical conceptualizations of nursing science came from graduates of this programs. Which includes who?

Theorists of the Columbia School

who operated the biomedical model that focused primarily on what nurses do, that is, their function roles. They considered patient problems and needs to practice foucs?

Independent of the Columbia Theorist, Johnson (University of California, Los Angeles)

who suggested that nursing knowledge is based on a theory of nursing diagnosis that is different from medical diagnosis?

The Yale School (1960’s)

In 1960’s the focus of theoretical thinking in nursing moved from a problem need and functional role focus to the relationship between the nurse and the patient.

Theorists of the Yale School

who view the nursing as a process rather than and end in itself (look nurses do, what they do, and how the patient perceives his or her situation)?

Independent of the Yale School, Levine (1967)

She presented her four conservation principles of nursing

Conservation of Energy

A type of conservation principle:

* Food
* Oxygen
* Fluids

Conservation of Structural Integrity

A type of conservation principle:

* Skin
* Mucous membrane

Conservation of Personal Integrity

A type of conservation principle:

* individuals client’s personality

Conservation Social Integrity

A type of conservation principle:

* client reflects the family and the community in which the client functions

Yale Faculty (1967)

In 1967 Dickoff, James, and Wiedenbach presented a definition on nursing theory and goals for theory of development in nursing

Theory

a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis action

Nursing Theory

an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing

During 1960’s

During what year happened the federal funds were made available for doctoral study for nurse educators. The resulting doctorally - prepared individuals the next wave of nurse theorist

M. Rogers (1970)

(Theorist) an introduction to the theoretical basis of nursing

I. King (1971)

(Theorist) toward a theory for nursing: general concepts of human behavior

D. Orem (1971)

(Theorist) Nursing: Concepts of practice

M. Levine (1973)

(Theorist) Introduction of clinical nursing

B. Neuman (1972)

(Theorist) a model for teaching total person approach to patient problems (with R.J. Young)

B. Neuman (1974) - The Betty Neuman Health

(Theorist) it is a care systems model: a total person approach to patient problems

Sr. C. Roy (1976)

(Theorist) Introduction to nursing: An adaptation Model

Peterson and L. T. Zderad (1976)

(Theorist) Humanistic Nursing

M. Newman (1979)

(Theorist) Theory development in nursing

J. Watson (1979)

(Theorist) Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring.

D. Johnson (1980)

(Theorist) The behavioral system model for nursing

M. Leininger (1980)

(Theorist) Caring: a central focus of nursing and health care services

M. Leininger (1985)

(Theorist) The phenomenon of caring: Importance, research questions, and theoretical considerations

M. Leininger (1988)

(Theorist) Transcultural Care Diversity and Universality: A theory of Nursing

R. Parse (1981)

(Theorist) Man-living-health: A theory for nursing

H. Erickson, E. Tomlin, and M. Swain

(Theorist) Modeling and role modeling

Boykin & S. Schoenhofer (1993)

(New Theory - Theorist) Nursing as Caring

I. M. King (1995a)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) A system framework for nursing

I. M. King (1995b)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) The theory of goal attainment

I. M. King (1996)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) The theory of goal attainment in research and practice

I. M. King (1997)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) King’s theory of goal attainment in practice

M. Leininger (1996)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Culture care theory, research, and practice

M. E. Levine (1996)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) The conservation principles: A retrospective

B. Neuman (1995)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) The Neuman: Systems Model 3rd Edition

B. Neuman (1996)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) The Neuman Systems Model in research and practice

M.A. Newman (1994)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Health as expanding consciousness, 2nd ed.

M.A. Newman (1997)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Evolution of the theory of health as expanding consciousness

D.E. Orem (1991)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Nursing concepts of practice, 4th ed.

D.E. Orem (1995)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Nursing concepts of practice, 5th ed.

D.E. Orem (1997)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Views of human beings specific to nursing

R.R. Parse (1992)

(Evolving Theories - Theorist) Human becoming: parse’s theory of nursing

R.R. Parse (1992b)

Illuminations: The human becoming theory in practice and research

R.R. Parse (1996)

The human becoming theory: Challenge in practice

R.R. Parse (1997)

\
The human becoming theory: The was, is, and will be

R.R. Parse (1998)

The human becoming school of thought

H.E. Peplau (1997)

Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relationship

M. Rogers (1990)

Nursing: Science of Unitary, Irreducible, Human beings: Update

M. Rogers (1992)

Nursing science and the space age

Sr. C. Roy (1997)

Future of the Roy Model: challenge to redefine adaptation

J. Watson (1997)

The theory of human caring: Retrospective and prospective

J. Watson (1999)

Postmodern nursing and beyond

Curriculum Era (1900-1940’s)

* This era emphasizes on courses included in the ==nursing programs.==
* The goal is to develop specialized knowledge and higher education

Research Era (1950-1970s)

* This era emphasizes role of nurses and ==what to research.==
* The emerging goal is that, recognition that isolated studies do not yield unified knowledge

Graduate Education Era

* emphasizes is caving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice.
* the emerging goal is to focus ==graduate education on knowledge development==

Theory Era (1980-1990s)

* The emphasis is that there are many ways to think about nursing.
* The emerging goal is that t==heories guide nursing research and practice.==

Theory Utilization Era

* The emphasis that, nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration.
* The emerging goal for this era is that, ==nursing frameworks produce knowledge== (evidence for quality care)

SUMMARY (ERAS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE) in 1920’s and 1930’s

In this year, it emphasis was on curriculum and nursing education and nursing experienced a phenomenal expansion of nursing programs with an emphasis on nursing principles and procedures and training for basic nursing.

SUMMARY (ERAS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE) in 1940’s and 1950’s

nursing began the move into higher education; graduate programs were developed; and nursing research began to be conducted as nursing developed as a scientific discipline.

SUMMARY (ERAS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE) in 1960’s and 1970’s

The experiment of preparing nurse scientist in other discipline ended and the direction for the development of the discipline was clarified and led to an immediate expansion of nursing doctorate programs.

SUMMARY (ERAS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE) in 1980’s and 1990’s

It is began with a theory development emphasis, which has now transmitted to reach the theory utilization era and theory - based practice (21st century) essential for the growth of nursing as profession.