Human Growth and Development Exam 1

Jean Piaget

cognitive development -child learns by interacting with the environment/ thinking qualitatively different

observational learning

dentists office with two videos--> more effective to watch the video of the child than the doctor

albert bandura

social learning theory-->bobo doll experiment, children mimicked behavior

piaget sensorimotor period

infants major cognitive tasks centers around sensations and motor activities, object permanence

piaget pre operational period

development of language

piaget concrete period

conservation (beakers) increased logical thinking

piaget formal period

abstract thinking form and tests hypotheses

vygotsky cognitive development

cognitive growth is a collaborative process, children learn through social interaction

evolutionary/sociobiological theories of development

ethology, lorenz (imprinting), John Bowlby strange situation

contextual development - microsystem

child and immediate environment

contextual development- mesosystem

relation different context (best friend and parent)

contextual development- macrosystem

cultural and societal influences

contextual development- exosystem

larger community surrounding like between microsystems (parent teacher conferences)

contextual development- chronosystmes

effects of times, degree of stability or change (9/11)

key research designs

type of data

forms of data collection

research design

qualitative

interpretive exploratory focus groups, case studies

quantitative

objective, utilizes scientific method

forms of data collection

self report

observation

behavioral and performance

human genome

chromosomes-molecules with linear arrangement of genes

DNA-instructions that direct cell activity

coding

noncoding

genes-basic units of heredity

allele

one of two or more forms of gene or genetic locus

polymorphism

sequence variation occurring with at least 1% frequency

mutation

a rare variant occurring in <1% of the population

chromosome

23 pairs

germ cells

sperm and ova

specialized cells that carry out reproductive function

only cells in the body that are capable of meiosis

somatic cells

all cell that are not germ cells

provide vessel for germ to achieve reproduction

provide structure function of the human body

De Novo

a genetic change that neither parent possessed

cleavage

begins one day after fertilization

zygotes divdd into blastomeres

blastulation begins when cleavage produces 128 cells

implantation

occurs at day 5 post fertilization

gastulation

occurs during week 3 of human development

3 germ layers

ectoderm-nervous system

endoderm-digestive, respiratory track, liver

mesoderm- bones, cartilages, muscle, tissue

epigenetics

study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence

Cora Hillis

ICWRS, got idea of research station from the agricultural research stations

contributors to lifespan development

freud

piaget

erikson

vygotsky

arnold gessell

theory of development based on maturational readiness

established growth norms

lewis terman

translated first intelligence test, conduced one of the first longitudinal studies

G. stanley hall

views on adolescence

charles darwin

emphasized that the development nature of infant behavior

operant conditioning

B.F Skinner reinforcement increase behavior

punishment decreases behavior

Classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

salivation of dogs

UCS

UCR

CS

CR

ericksons theory

psychosocial

emphasized entire lifespan

role of society

sigmund freud theory

psychosexual &psychoanalytic

sexual: sensual pleasure shifts from one body zone to another

analytic: believed in reactive development and qualitative change (unconscious emotions)

freud phases of psychosexual development

oral (birth to 12/18 months)

anal (12/18 months-3 yrs)

phallic (3yrs-6yrs)

latency (6yrs-puberty)

genital (puberty-adulthood)

freud;s structure of personality

Id- pleasure principle

supergo- moral conscious

ego- reality principle/reasoning

developmental theories

psychoanalytic

learning

cognitive

evolutionary/sociobiological

contextual

stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor- (birth -2yrs)

pre operational (2-7 yrs)

concrete (7-11yrs)

formal (11yrs-adulthood)

reciprocal determinism

person acts on the world as the world acts on them

first trimester

fertilization -13 weeks

second trimester

13-26 weeks

third trimester

26-40 weeks

para

number of births a women has hold after 20 weeks

Naegels rule

due date is determined by adding 280 to the first day of the last period

stages of labor

latent (1-3 cm) -excited

active (4-8 cm) -fatigued

transition (8-10) -discouraged/irritable

genetics compared to siblings

personality - >20% alike

intelligence -same

physical -same

lifespan development research designs

longitudinal

cross sectional

sequential

longitudinal

individuals studied over a long period of time

con: participant drop out (attrition)

cross sectional

individuals in different age groups are compared

sequential

combines cross sectional and longitudinal

ethical guiding principles

respect

justice

beneficence