Digital System: Review on Hardware

What is a digital system?

"A system that represents data using discrete states

What are the two basic states used in digital systems?

"0 and 1

How did the telegraph represent information?

Using short or long electric pulses and the dot-and-dash Morse code.

What does logic 0 commonly represent?

"False

What does logic 1 commonly represent?

"True

What is a timing diagram?

"A diagram showing which state

How are modern digital circuits primarily implemented?

Using sophisticated integrated circuits (ICs) electronically configured or tailored for their applications.

What is the difference between analog and digital quantities?

"Analog quantities vary continuously

Which numbering system is base 10?

Decimal.

How many symbols does the decimal system use?

10 symbols: 0 through 9.

Which numbering system is base 16?

Hexadecimal.

How many symbols does hexadecimal use?

16 symbols: 0–9 and A–F.

Which numbering system is base 8?

Octal.

How many symbols does octal use?

8 symbols: 0 through 7.

Which numbering system is base 2?

Binary.

How many symbols does binary use?

2 symbols: 0 and 1.

Why is binary well suited to electronic circuit design?

Only two different voltage levels are required to represent 0 and 1.

What is the basic idea of binary-to-decimal conversion?

Sum the positional values of the binary digits that contain 1.

How do you convert decimal to binary?

Repeatedly divide the decimal number by 2 and record the remainders until the quotient is 0; read the remainders from last to first.

What is the LSB?

The Least Significant Bit; in decimal-to-binary conversion it is the first remainder obtained.

What is the MSB?

The Most Significant Bit; in decimal-to-binary conversion it is the last remainder obtained.

What are examples of two-state devices?

"A light bulb

What two states can a light bulb represent?

Off or on.

What two states can a diode represent?

Conducting or not conducting.

What two states can a relay represent?

Energized or not energized.

What two states can a transistor represent?

Cutoff or saturation.

What two states can a photocell represent?

Illuminated or dark.

What is a logic circuit?

A digital circuit that operates using logic values 0 and 1.

What are the three basic logic operations?

"OR

What is an OR gate?

A logic gate with two or more inputs whose output is HIGH when any input is HIGH.

When is an OR gate output LOW?

Only when all of its inputs are LOW.

What is an AND gate?

A logic gate whose output is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.

What is the AND operation similar to?

Multiplication.

When is an AND gate output LOW?

Whenever at least one input is LOW.

What is a NOT gate?

A one-input circuit whose output is always the opposite logic level of its input.

What does a NOT gate do to 0?

It changes 0 to 1.

What does a NOT gate do to 1?

It changes 1 to 0.

What is a truth table?

A table that describes the relationship between the inputs and output of a logic circuit.

What is a logic circuit application?

Using combinations of logic gates to perform useful digital functions in electronic systems.

What is memory capacity?

A specification of how many bits can be stored in a memory device or system.

What is a read operation in memory?

The binary word stored at a specific memory address is sensed and transferred to another device.

What is a write operation in memory?

Placing a new binary word into a particular memory location.

What is a memory address?

A code used to identify a specific location or word in memory.

How are the eight words in an 8-word memory addressed?

Using three-bit addresses from 000 through 111.

How many different addresses can 3 bits represent?

8 addresses.

What does a 32 × 4 memory contain?

"32 memory words

What is a memory word?

A group of bits stored together as one unit at a particular memory address.

What is an integrated circuit (IC)?

An electronic circuit implemented on a small chip containing interconnected electronic components.

What is an LED?

A Light Emitting Diode.

What is a resistor?

An electronic component used to provide electrical resistance in a circuit.

What are power and ground symbols used for?

They identify the power supply connection and the reference/return connection in a circuit.

What is a breadboard?

A reusable board used to prototype and connect electronic circuits without permanent soldering.

What is a connection in an electronic circuit?

An electrical path that allows components to be connected so current/signals can flow between them.

What is a microprocessor?

An integrated circuit that incorporates the core functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).

What is the main role of a microprocessor?

To perform the core processing functions of a computer's CPU.

What is the Intel 8085?

"An 8-bit Intel microprocessor

When was the Intel 8085 introduced?

1976.

How many transistors did the Intel 8085 have?

"About 6

How many pins did the Intel 8085 have?

40 pins.

What does 8-bit mean for the Intel 8085?

Its processor architecture operates on 8-bit data units.

What is a microcontroller?

"A small

How does a microcontroller differ conceptually from a microprocessor?

A microcontroller integrates processing with memory and I/O/peripheral functions on a chip for embedded applications.

What components can a microcontroller usually include?

"An 8- or 16-bit microprocessor

What is embedded system use?

Using a computing device as part of a larger electronic product or system to perform a dedicated function.

What are common types of microcontrollers listed in the lecture?

"8051

What does AVR stand for in the lecture?

Atmel (Alf and Vegard's RISC).

What is the 8051?

A family/type of microcontroller.

What is PIC?

A family/type of microcontroller.

What are common microcontroller applications?

"Mobile phones

How are microcontrollers used in automobiles?

They can control dedicated automotive functions and systems.

How are microcontrollers used in washing machines?

They control dedicated appliance functions such as operating cycles and controls.

How are microcontrollers used in cameras?

They control embedded camera functions and processing.

How are microcontrollers used in security alarms?

They monitor inputs and control alarm-related functions.

How are microcontrollers used in industrial automation?

They control and monitor automated industrial processes.

How are microcontrollers used in motor control?

They generate and manage control signals for motors.

How are microcontrollers used in medical applications?

They provide embedded control and measurement functions in medical equipment.

Why are digital systems important for Arduino?

"Arduino is a microcontroller-based system

What is a two-state electronic system?

"A system in which information is represented using two possible states

What is the relationship between 0/1 and OFF/ON?

"Logic 0 commonly corresponds to OFF/LOW

What is the purpose of an OR operation?

To produce a HIGH output when at least one input is HIGH.

What is the purpose of an AND operation?

To produce a HIGH output only when every input is HIGH.

What is the purpose of a NOT operation?

To invert a logic signal.

What is the difference between read and write in memory?

Read retrieves a stored word; write places a new word into a memory location.

Why are memory addresses necessary?

They identify the specific location from which data is read or to which data is written.

What does 32 × 4 describe in a memory device?

"The memory has 32 words

What is a digital integrated circuit used for?

To implement electronic/digital functions in a compact IC.

What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller?

"A microprocessor primarily provides CPU functions

Which device is more suited to dedicated embedded control: microprocessor or microcontroller?

"A microcontroller

Why are microcontrollers useful in embedded systems?

"They are compact

What is an IC?

An Integrated Circuit.

What is a digital signal?

"A signal represented by discrete values

What is an analog signal?

A continuously varying signal or quantity.

What does HIGH mean in digital logic?

Logic 1.

What does LOW mean in digital logic?

Logic 0.

What is the main purpose of a truth table when studying logic gates?

To show every relevant input combination and the corresponding output.

What is the binary base?

Base 2.

What is the decimal base?

Base 10.

What is the octal base?

Base 8.

What is the hexadecimal base?

Base 16.

Which numbering system uses only 0 and 1?

Binary.