L2: Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination

Stereotype

generalised belief about group

Descriptive stereotype

characteristics group is believed to have

Prescriptive stereptyoe

characteristic group is expected to have

Prejudice

biased evaluations, linking stereotype to good or bad, evaluative conditioning

Discrimination

differential treatment due to group membership

SIT perspective: favour ingroup to outgroup

Intergroup approaches focus on

changing group interactions and boundaries

contact hypothesis, social identity approaches

Contact hypothesis, Allport

overcome prejudice and discrimination by having members interact + 4 conditions: equal status, intergroup cooperation, common goals, support of laws and norms

additional factors identified for contact hypothesis

personalisation (becoming friends with outgroup members) + intergroup contact

Forms of indirect contact

extended, imagined, vicarious, virtual

Mediators of indirect contact

affective processes: anxiety, empathy, changing norms for intergroup behaviour

Moderators for indirect contact

Typicality, group status, valence

Valence

quality (explicit ), quantity (implicit)

Motivated reasoning

biased hypothesis testing: looking for information which confirms stereotype

Self fulfilling prophecy

actions contribute to stereotyped behaviour - people internalise attributed characteristics

Social identity approaches focus on

shifting our perception of our ingroup and outgroup

Recategorisation

downplaying separate group identities and focusing on shared identities

Decategorisation

downplay group identity, focus on individual identity

Integration

recognising differences and similarities - organisational/community level

Individual approaches focus on

targeting prejudiced beliefs and emotions

Counterstereotypes

highlighting group members who don’t fit stereotype - reduces salience of stereotype

Awareness raising

increasing knowledge, but can be counterproductive as suppress beliefs instead

Perspective taking

empathy…

Normative influence

changing general norms of ingroup - prejudice isn’t normative

Dissonance

highlighting cognitive dissonance

Self affirmation

increasing self worth so less likely to derogate others

intervention strategies include:

public communication, interactions/joint activites, targeting prejudice