systems path 2 exam 3 - ureter, bladder and urethra (pg 78-97)

dilation of the renal pelvis/calyces due to obstruction

hydroneophrosis (swollen kidney)

cause of congenital hydronephrosis

atresia of ureter or urethra

congenital hydronephrosis is found in who?

male infants

causes of acquired hydronephrosis

stone, BPH, prostate CA

is hydronephrosis unilateral or bilateral

both

bilateral hydronephrosis symptoms

polyuria (incomplete) or anuria (complete

untreated hydrocephalus leads to

progressive renal atrophy

concretion formed in any part of the body, most commonly in the passages of the biliary and urinary tracts ; usually composed of salts of inorganic or organic acids or other material such as cholesterol

calculus

signs/symptoms of a renal calculus (kidney stone)

pain (renal colic ; flank pain-> groin), usually unilateral

what are kidney stones MC composed of?

Calcium oxalate

risks for developing a kidney stone

males, family hx, dehydration, UTI's, low vitamin A, gout

how long until you pass a kidney stone?

4 weeks (lithotripsy if big)

upper urinary tract stone which forms a cast of the renal pelvis

staghorn calculus

What are stag-horn calculi normally composed of?

magnesium ammonium phosphate

staghorn calculi are linked to recurrent ______ with urease-producing bacteria

UTIs

vitamin A deficiency causes....

kidney stones, bitot spots

vitamin A overdose/toxicity causes....

vomiting/weight loss, arthritis, HA, dizziness, diplopia

evagination of the bladder wall which is MC small, asymptomatic, and has an infection risk

diverticulum

what causes a urinary bladder diverticulum?

acquired : urethral obstruction (BPH)

inflammation of the urinary bladder due to bacterial infection (E. coli), chemo/radiation, trauma, poor hygiene, etc.

cystitis

signs/symptoms of cystitis

suprapubic pain, dysuria/frequency, hematuria, painful sex

risks for cystitis

sexual intercourse, female, elderly/impaired bladder emptying, diabetes

4th most common cancer in men

bladder cancer

Who does bladder cancer MC affect?

50-80 year old males

causes of bladder cancer?

bladder irritation, smoking, industrialized/urban environments, occupational carcinogens (acquired)

what type of acquired mutations are associated with developing bladder cancer?

TP53 or Rb

what type of bladder cancer subtype grows in slender, finger-like projections from the inner surface of the bladder toward the hollow center, often without growing into the deeper bladder layers?

papillary carcinomas

what type of cancer only affects inner layer/cells (transitional epithelium)

non-invasive

what type of cancer grows into deeper layers of the bladder wall, is MC to spread and harder to treat

invasive

what describes bladder cancer that has not grown into the main muscle layer/bladder that is both invasive and non-invasive?

superficial (non-muscle invasive)

most common type of bladder cancer

Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma

papillary tumor that doesn't grown into deeper bladder layers

non-invasive papillary carcinoma

very low-grade (slow growing) non-invasive papillary cancer which tends to have a very good outcome

PUNLMP (papillary urothelial neoplasm of low-malignant potential)

what is it called when a papillary or flat tumor grows into deeper layers of the bladder?

invasive urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma

tumor that does not grow toward the hollow part of the bladder

flat carcinoma

flat tumor that is only in the inner layer of the bladder cells

non-invasive flat cell carcinoma (flat carcinoma in situ)

signs/symptoms of bladder cancer

painless hematuria, changes in bladder habits

diagnosis for bladder cancer

cystoscopy

treatment for bladder cancer

chemo/radiation, cystectomy

how does smoking cessation affect bladder cancer?

decrease risk of progression and recurrence