History 105 Damon Bach Final/exam 3

Cotton

Integral to the old south's economy. COTTON IS KING

What was the staple dietary item at the time?

Pork

How were cotton planters economically?

Very wealthy

Controlled the South's political, economic, and social life...

Planters

Cult of Honor

reputation was unique to the south, if your honor or reputation was besmirched then a duel would be in order.

Women's freedom in the south vs the north

women had less freedom in the south than the north (due to patriarchy and cult of honor). Men thought their duty was to "protect women"

Overseers

white men who acted as managers of the slaves and farming operations of plantations

Drivers

The head slave, given a horse to ride around on to make sure other slaves were doing their work.

"Plain white folks"

term used for middle class white farmers who did not own slaves, yeomen farmers

Tenant farmers and day-laborers

Poorer than plain white folks. Some didn't own land. Some were squatters. Barely made ends meet, lived in swamps, and did not own slaves.

Slave Codes

laws to control slaves. (could not testify in court, get married, hit whites in self-defense, could not leave plantation without permission or be out at night without a pass.

Why were slaves kept illiterate?

Fear of an uprising.

Slaveholders justifications for slavery

blacks were inferior, without protecting from whites the blacks would simply die. "paternalism"

Free Blacks in the South

not allowed to vote or travel and make up the smallest segment in southern society. status between slavery and freedom. Jobs: bricklayers, shoemakers, butchers, blacksmiths, barbers, seamstresses, laundresses, or house servants. Could enter contracts, marry, and own property. Very small % owned slaves.

Slave auctions

a public sale in which slaves were sold to the highest bidders

"The Fancy trade"

A process by which female slaves called "fancy maids" were sold at auction into prostitution.

Importance of Sundays for slaves

observed sabboths, went to religious services, went fishing, or tended to their garden if allowed to have them. Some worked for wages.

Slave women

harder lives than slave men, raped and beat if resisted. forced/encouraged to have kids so owners could have more slaves.

Slave religion "Afro-Christianity"

Mixture of African, Caribbean, and Chirtianity beliefs.

Gabriel's Rebellion

A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel.

German Coast Uprising

a slave revolt that took place in New Orleans. Slaves took up arms with farm tools to enter the homes of the plantation owners and abuse them. They marched while burning down plantations, crops and homes. White men lead by officials in the territory hunted down those participating. Those who were captured were tried, interrogated, and accused. Many were executed.

Vesey's Revolt

Led by Denmark Vesey and Peter Poyas, who both planed an enormous revolt. Vesey was a very intelligent black man who purchased his freedom in 1800 and was the only free slave to take part in the revolt. He was inspired by the Haitian Rebellion and looked upon as a teacher.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Slave resistance

running away, underground railroads, reigned illness, sabotage crops and tools.

Who did the south believe had the power to make decision on slavery?

Southerners, NOT the north or federal government. This led to the civil war and unexpected end of slavery.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Unitarianism

Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity. Oneness of god, his compassion, and natural goodness of human kind. calm reason.

Universalism

Acceptance that truth may be found in all religions. Influential in intellectual circles in England. Salvation is available to everyone and god was too merciful to condem anyone to hell.

The Second Great Awakening

Religious leaders thought people were being too materialistic and that people needed to focus more on religion instead. Religion flourished as they joined the Methodist church.

camp meetings

religious and social gatherings used by the Methodist and Baptist churches to recruit members, used during the Second Great Awakening, specially prominent in the frontier.

Baptists

Salvation was available to everyone, only needed to accept gods grace and be baptized. Every word in the bible was literal truth.

Traveling Evangelists

"Jumping Jesus". wanted to bring a strong sense of community. many found institutional churches uninspiring. reached the frontier masses.

Francis Asbury

He was an influential speaker who went around America and preached Methodism as a circuit rider. He was anti-Deist and was part of the Second Great Awakening.

African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

the church organized as a national denomination under the leadership of the Reverend Richard Allen (of Philadelphia in 1816); it was one of the independent black churches that had secceeded from white congregations BUT the majority of blacks didn't have access to it (only free blacks really did)- whites would regard these churches with suspicious and sometimes forced them to clsoe

Women as preachers

women rose to social equality status due to this

Jarena Lee

first female AME pastor.

Phoebe Worrall Palmer

hosted revival meetings in her NYC home. then travels as a camp meeting evangelist. Spread life without sin aka "perfectionalism"

Western New York became known as the _______ during this time (religion)

Burned Over-District (region know with high spread of "holy spirit")

Charles Grandison Finney

Most important great awakening preacher. Appealed to more wealthy. Believed anyone could be saved by embracing Jesus. Urged congregation to attack social problems like alcoholism, prostitution, war, and slavery.

Joseph Smith Jr.

Man who established the Mormon religion. Eventually shot over his beliefs in polygamy.

The Book of Mormon

Published by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was named for the ancient prophet who was claimed to have written in. It was, he said, a translation of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. It told the story of two successful ancient American civilizations, whose people had anticipated the coming of Christ and were rewarded when Jesus actually came to America after his resurrection. Ultamitly, however, both civilizations collapsed.

Nauvoo, Illinois

site of Mormon settlement along the Mississippi River. also where Smith was killed by an angry mob.

Brigham Young, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847

led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block, politically and economically.

Transcendentalism

any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material. emphasized that acts and thoughts transcended logic and reason. centered in New England. vowed to reshape Americans cultural life.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

self-reliance

Emerson. Independence; the capacity to rely on one's own capabilities and to manage one's own affairs.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

Civil Disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

reformers sought to

improve society and correct injustices, inspired by second great awakening. Temperance, abolition of slavery, women's rights, care for the disabled, and prison reform. Approaches: government intervention , personal responsibility, and private charity.

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food. most widespread movement.

American Temperance Union

-passed a resolution that liquor ought to be prohibited by law

- called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages

Auburn Penitentiary System

• Congregate system: they would work with inmates and keep them in groups throughout the day.

• Workshops in the day: they all had to work in a group and eat together but could not talk to each other. They did this because if people could work together they could produce more than working one on one

• Isolation at night

• Auburn State Prison:

o First prison to used this system.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Catherine Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy

wanted women to be educated and wanted kindergarten to be added into children's education system. She urged women to enter the teaching profession. She succeeded because school teaching became a thoroughly "feminized" occupation. Other work "opportunities" for women beckoned in domestic service. Beecher helped get women jobs that would allow them to be self-supported. Her document __________________ stated that woman have a role to play in society.

Women's status during the reform movement

had not improved since colonial era, could not sit on jury, attend most colleges, vote, have full custody of children, weren't allowed in many professions, could not make a will without husbands permission and could not enter legally binding contracts.

Origins of the Women's Movement

abolition

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Suffragettes who organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared men and women to be equal.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

A Northern abolitionist who created "The Liberator" an abolitionist newspaper made to unify and amplify the abolitionist movement. Linched by white mob in 1835.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Slavery in British Empire

slave owners were payed to free slaves, Finney was highered to led movement.

David Walker (1785-1830), "Walker's Appeal"

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Immediatists vs Gradualists

Immediatists wanted immediate end to slavery; gradualists supported a slower process with compensation to slave owners.

Liberty Party

A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Frederick Douglass; The North Star

American abolitionist and journalist who escaped from slavery and became an influential lecturer in the North and abroad. He wrote Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and co-founded and edited the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. Acted as a spy and led to liberation of confederate slaves.

Elijah P. Lovejoy (1837)

had an abolitionist paper in Elton, Illinois. Racist mobs destroyed his printing press repeatedly. Once he got his press fixed he armed himself, eventually when the mob came back and he was fighting back he was shot and killed.

Southern Defense of Slavery

- bible

- Slavery as "positive good"

- Free blacks would demand social and political equality with whites

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Oregon Trail

pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country.

Stephen F. Austin (significance)

known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

Mexico and Texas

Mexico allows for southerners to settle in Texas but tells them slaves are not allowed to come with them. They ignore the rule and white population ends up being bigger than mexican population in mexico.

Santa Anna becomes Dictator

suspected invasion from america so he imprisoned Austin.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. David Crocket.

Texas Declaration of Independence

Signed March 2, 1836 . contained three section: the right of revolution, grievances against Mexico governement, and proclamation of independence. Grievances included the arrest of Stephen F. Austin, failure to establish public education, military occupation,and denial of the rights such as trial by jury and freedom of religion

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Battle of San Jacinto

Surprise attack on Mexicans. "Remember the Alamo". the Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence

Jackson and Van Buren

Presidents _____ and _____ both put off the request for annexation primarily because of political opposition among Northerners to the expansion of slavery and the potential addition of up to five new slave states created out of the Texas territories.

William Henry Harrison

Whig. Died a month after inauguration from pneumonia. John Tyler takes his place.

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. raised tariff, but vetoed bill authorizing national bank.

Whig party expels Tyler

Whig cabinet resigned and was expelled from the party.

Treaty annexing Texas defeated

northern senators refused to add a slave state and others wanted to avoid war with mexico.

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration

Walker Tarrif 1846

The reduced tariff put forward during Polk's Presidency, it was successful

Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty

settles the borders between the U.S. and British Canada westward to pacific coast along 49th parallel.

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Legacies of Mexican-American War

cost $98 million, 11,000 died of devastating diseases, training ground for emerging officers, acquisition of lots of land, doubles america's size.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Calhoun's Counter Resolution

pro slavery plan submitter to senate that insisted that banding slavery would violate 5th amendment (congress cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law).

Popular Sovereignty

residents of each of the new territories would decide whether they would be slave or free state.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries (the Texas-New Mexico act), (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

The Republican Party

Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's.

Abraham Lincoln Whig or republican

was Whig but becomes republican because he believed the north needed to take a stance against slavery and Southerners who were threatening the vitality of the union.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

The Sack of Lawrence

pro-slavery activists attacked and ransacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas, which had been founded by anti-slavery settlers to help ensure that Kansas would become a "free state".