acc honors world history 19th centery test

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who led the political unification of northern Italy; architect of Italian unification; 19th-century nationalism and state-building

Giuseppe Garibaldi

– Military leader of the Red Shirts who unified southern Italy.

Red Shirts

– Volunteer nationalist army led by Garibaldi; helped conquer southern Italy.

Sardinia-Piedmont

– Most industrialized Italian state that led unification; became the core of the new Kingdom of Italy.

Otto von Bismarck

– Prussian prime minister who unified Germany through “blood and iron”; founded the German Empire.

Prussia –

Powerful German state with a strong military; leader of German unification.

Franco-Prussian War (1870) –

War between France and Prussia; led to German unification; rivalries that later fed into World War I.

Nation –

People sharing identity, culture, and desire for self-rule; foundation of nationalism; rise of the nation-state.

Ethnic Nationalism

– Nationalism based on shared ancestry, heritage, or bloodline.

Culture Nationalism –

Nationalism based on shared culture, language, traditions, and beliefs.

Nation Nationalism –

Nationalism where a people feel united by shared history, culture, and identity.

19th-Century Feminism

– Movement for women’s legal rights, education, and suffrage; laid groundwork for modern equality.

Feminism

– Belief in equal rights for women; challenged traditional gender hierarchies; human rights movement.

Suffrage

– The right to vote; major goal of women’s rights activists.

Spread of Feminism to Non-Industrial Areas –

Western feminist ideas moving into colonies/nonindustrial regions; started global women’s rights movements.

Abolitionist Movement –

Campaign to end slavery; ended the Atlantic slave system.

Great Jamaica Revolt (1831-32) –

Massive slave rebellion in Jamaica; pushed Britain to abolish slavery.

Economic Reasons to End Slavery –

Industrial capitalism made wage labor more efficient; reduced elite support for slavery.

Political Rights of Freed Slaves/Serfs –

Rights given after emancipation—usually limited; showed freedom did not equal equality.

Reason –

Use of logical thinking to understand the world; Enlightenment thinkers valued reason over superstition.

Liberty –

Freedom to think, act, and speak without unfair restrictions; considered a natural right.

Progress –

Belief that society and human life can improve through knowledge, science, and better government.

Happiness –

Living a good, meaningful, and satisfying life; governments should help citizens achieve happiness.

Nature

– Idea that natural laws and rights exist and can be discovered through reason.

Cultural Insularity –

Isolation from outside influences; slowed modernization.

Responses to the Reformation –

Counter-Reformation, wars, new churches; split Christianity permanently.

African Slave Trade –

Forced transport of Africans to the Americas; caused major demographic and economic transformations.

Three Gs

– Gold, God, Glory; motives for European expansion during the Age of Exploration.

Simón Bolívar

– Revolutionary leader “The Liberator” of northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador).

Invasion of Russia (1812)

– Napoleon’s failed attempt to conquer Russia; army devastated by weather and tactics.

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

– Napoleon defeated by British and Prussian forces; ended his rule.

Creoles

– People of European descent born in the Americas; led independence movements.

Peninsulas –

People born in Spain living in colonies; held highest political and social positions.

José de San Martín

– Leader of Spanish American independence revolutions; “George Washington of South America.”

Spain

– European colonial power controlling most of Latin America.

France

– Colonial ruler of Saint Domingue (Haiti); its policies sparked the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

– Formerly enslaved leader of the Haitian Revolution; built disciplined army.

Gens de couleur libres

– “Free people of color,” mixed-race or Black citizens free before the Haitian Revolution.

Saint Domingue

– France’s richest Caribbean colony (modern Haiti), known for sugar plantations.

No taxation without representation –

American colonists’ protest slogan; refused taxes without elected representatives.

Saratoga (1777)

– Turning-point battle convincing France to ally with American revolutionaries.

Yorktown (1781)

– Final major battle of the American Revolution; British surrender.

Thomas Paine

– Political writer of Common Sense, inspiring American independence.

Declaration of Independence (1776) –

Document announcing colonies’ separation from Britain; listed grievances.

George Washington –

Commander of Continental Army; first U.S. president.

Tennis Court Oath (1789) –

Third Estate vowed to draft a new constitution.

Estates General –

French assembly representing clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Reign of Terror (1793-1794) –

Period of mass executions and extreme revolutionary control in France.

Max Robespierre –

Radical leader of the Reign of Terror; executed in 1794.

Guillotine –

Execution device symbolizing French Revolution violence.

Napoleon –

French general and emperor who expanded French influence across Europe.

Napoleonic Code –

Unified set of laws emphasizing equality before the law, property rights, and secular law.

French Revolution (1789-1799) –

Overthrow of monarchy due to inequality and unfair taxes; spread democratic ideas.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) –

Successful enslaved revolt; ended slavery in Haiti and gained independence.

American Revolution (1775-1783) –

Colonies fought Britain for independence; created new democratic system

Latin American Revolutions (early 1800s) – .

Series of uprisings led by Bolívar and San Martín; ended European control; spread nationalism