Biological Sciences Review Flashcards

Comprehensive review flashcards covering biology, anatomy, taxonomy, and genetics from the lecture slides.

Cell

The basic unit of life.

Atom

The basic unit of matter.

Organelles

Parts of the cell.

Molecule

A group of atoms.

Tissue

A group of cells.

AMOCTOSO

The acronym for the Hierarchy of life.

Lungs

An example of an organ.

Carbon dioxide

An example of a molecule.

Mitochondria

An example of an organelle.

Circulatory

An example of a body system.

Carbon

An example of an atom.

Group of skin cells

An example of a tissue.

Robert Hooke

The individual who discovered the cell.

Robert Brown

The individual who discovered the nucleus.

Eukaryotic

Organisms that contain a true nucleus, such as Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.

Prokaryotic

Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus, specifically Archaebacteria and Bacteria.

Carolus Linnaeus

The Father of Modern Taxonomy.

8 Levels of Taxonomic Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

3 Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

6 Kingdoms

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.

Archaebacteria

Organisms that live in most severe environments.

Entamoeba histolytica

The cause of amoebiasis.

Dinoflagellates

The cause of red tide.

Vibrio

Comma-shaped bacteria.

Fungi

Plant-like but heterotrophic organisms.

Plasmodium

The cause of malaria.

Physical/Mechanical

The chewing of food in the mouth.

Chemical

The breakdown of food molecules by enzymes.

Pharynx

The throat; acts as a passage way for both air and food.

Small Intestine

The final place of digestion.

Liver

The organ that creates the bile.

Gall Bladder

The organ that stores the bile.

Chyme

Mixed food and gastric juices.

Vein

Brings blood back to the heart.

Fibrinogen

A protein needed for blood clotting.

Calcium

A mineral needed for blood clotting.

Vitamin K

A vitamin needed for blood clotting.

Vitamin $B12$

A vitamin needed for RBC production.

Trachea

The windpipe.

Epiglottis

Structure that prevents the entrance of food to the trachea.

Endocrine

System related to hormones.

In vitro fertilization

Sperm and ovum meet inside the test tube.

In vivo fertilization

Sperm and ovum meet inside the body.

Egg cell

The largest cell in the body.

Sperm cell

The smallest cell in the body.

Nerve cell

The longest cell in the body.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination.

Cerebrum

Part of the brain responsible for intelligence, learning, and judgement.

Bones in adult

There are $206$ bones in an adult human.

3 types of muscular tissue

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal.

Skeletal

The only voluntary muscular tissue.

Isotonic

A state with no net movement of water.

Hypotonic

Causes a cell to swell, burst, or become lysed.

Hypertonic

Causes a cell to shrink, shrivel, or become dehydrated.

Skin

The largest organ of the human body.

Autotrophs

Organisms that can make their own food.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain food from another organisms.

Saprophytes/Decomposers

Organisms like bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter.

Scavengers

Organisms that feed on decaying and necrotic matter.

Three ecological relationships

Competition, Predation, and Symbiosis.

Types of Symbiosis

Mutualism, Parasitism, and Commensalism.

Gregor Mendel

The Father of Genetics.

Genetics

The study of genes and heredity.

Genotype

The genes of a specific character.

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism.

Dominant

A gene that prevents the expression of another gene.

Recessive

A gene that will only have phenotypic expression if present as a homozygous genotype.