BIOL 1407 EXAM 3 REVIEW

The sequence of decreased death rate followed by a decrease in birthrate is called ________.

demographic transition

What is the correct sequence of organisms if a community is going through secondary succession?

Grasses/weeds → shrubs → small trees → mature forest
(Secondary succession begins where soil already exists.)

Which biome is characterized by little rainfall, permafrost, and an average temperature below 0°C?

tundra

What is commensalism?

A relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

What happens in each type of survivorship curve?

• Type I: Low death rate early in life; most die at old age (humans, elephants).

• Type II: Constant death rate throughout life (birds, squirrels).

• Type III: High death rate early in life; survivors live longer (fish, insects, many plants).

What vegetation is not present in the tundra?

trees

When discussing population features, a cohort is described as:

A group of individuals of the same age

Energy flow in an ecosystem begins with which trophic level?

producers (autotrophs)

A(n) ______ consists of all populations of multiple species interacting in a designated region.

community

Optimal Foraging Theory assumes natural selection has favored behaviors that:

Maximize energy gain while minimizing time and energy spent obtaining food.

What are density-dependent factors?

Factors whose effects increase as population density increases (competition, disease, predation, parasitism).

In the logistic growth formula, when N is very large, (K-N)/N is almost equal to 0, causing population growth rate to:

Slow down and approach zero (population stops increasing).

The only heterotrophs required in an ecosystem are ________.

decomposers

Dogs scent-mark by defecating/urinating and cats rub objects. These behaviors increase fitness and are examples of:

communication behaviors

What proximal causes stimulate birds to migrate?

Environmental cues such as changes in daylight, temperature, and hormones.

Is it possible that carbon atoms in your body once made up living tissues of another organism?

Yes. Carbon is recycled through ecosystems.

A biome characterized by hot days, cold nights, and cacti is the:

desert

Define carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores.

• Carnivores: Eat animals

• Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals

• Herbivores: Eat plants

These statistics compare the ______ of countries.

population density

What is imprinting?

A rapid form of learning during a critical period early in life, often involving attachment to a parent or caregiver.

What are all the terrestrial biomes?

• Tundra

• Boreal forest (taiga)

• Temperate forest

• Temperate grassland

• Chaparral

• Desert

• Tropical rainforest

• Tropical seasonal forest/savanna

What types of animals are found in the aphotic zone of the pelagic realm?

Deep-sea organisms adapted to darkness, such as fish, squid, and bioluminescent animals.

Small size, early maturity, high parity, and high fecundity describe:

r-selected species

Altruistic behaviors between closely related animals increase what type of fitness?

inclusive fitness

What factors affect climate?

• Latitude

• Temperature

• Precipitation

• Elevation

• Topography

• Proximity to water

What makes a population growth rate negative?

Deaths and emigration exceed births and immigration.

Population size levels off at the ______ of an environment.

carrying capacity (K)

What limits exponential growth?

limited resources and environmental resistance

What defines species diversity?

Species richness (number of species) and species evenness (relative abundance).

What body of water has both freshwater and saltwater (brackish water)?

estuary

What does incoming solar radiation affect?

climate, temperature, and weather patterns

Biome characterized by rich soils, insufficient rainfall for trees, and many herbivores:

temperate grassland

The praying mantis life cycle represents which survivorship curve?

Type III survivorship curve
(Many offspring are produced, but most die young.)

An ecosystem contains what types of factors?

Biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors

Which type of succession occurs after a volcanic eruption?

Primary succession
(If no soil exists after the eruption.)

Learning associated with solving a problem without prior experience is called:

insight learning