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Flashcards of lecture notes on Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Providencia, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, and Virus Structure

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46 Terms

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Enterobacteriaceae

Family of bacteria found in the intestinal tract, including normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, and frank pathogens; Gram (-) non spore forming rods

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O antigen

Somatic antigen of Enterobacteriaceae; Heat stable, located in the cell wall and initiates symptoms in the host.

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H antigen

Flagellar antigen of Enterobacteriaceae; Heat-labile, found in the flagellum (only in motile organisms).

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K antigen

Capsular antigen of Enterobacteriaceae; Heat labile, polysaccharide found in some species (named after Klebsiella).

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Enteritis

Inflammation of the intestine.

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Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the digestive tract (stomach and everything below).

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Enteric fever

Acute illness presenting as fever, headache, abdominal pain, and occasional skin rash.

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Food poisoning

Ingestion of food containing a preformed toxin; No growth of bacteria in the host is required.

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Emesis

Vomiting

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Morbidity

Incidence of disease; Number of cases.

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Mortality

Incidence of death.

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Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Common inhabitant of the intestinal tract; Used as an indicator of water polluted by sewage; Involved in food digestion (source of vitamin K).

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Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)

E. coli that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal pain by adhering to the mucosal surface of the intestine.

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Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

E. coli that is noninvasive; Adheres to the cells of the small intestine and destroys microvilli without actual invasion; causes low-grade fever, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea.

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Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

E. coli that is associated with diarrhea of infants and adults in tropical and subtropical climates; Produces heat labile and heat stable toxins; causes nonbloody, watery diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain.

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Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

E. coli that causes dysentery and symptoms similar to Shigella disease; Invasive and penetrates the host cells, causing damage and destruction to the large intestine mucosa; causes fever, severe abdominal cramping, malaise, watery diarrhea and toxemia.

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Enterohemorragic E. coli (EHEC)

Frank pathogen E. coli

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Shigellosis

Bacillary dysentery characterized by blood, pus, and mucus in stools, abdominal pain, and cramps; Caused by Shigella.

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Verotoxin I and Verotoxin II

Cytotoxins specific for the colon produced by some strains of E. coli and Shigella; Can cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

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Salmonellosis

Gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella; Characterized by low grade fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (non-bloody).

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Typhoid fever

Caused by Salmonella typhi; Symptoms include high fever, headache, myalgia, and GI distress; May develop rose rash.

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Yersinia enterocolitica

Produce an infection that mimics symptoms of appendicitis: fever, nausea, acute sharp pain in abdomen, and diarrhea. Responds to antibiotics pretty well. Can cause community outbreaks of diarrhea

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Yersinia pestis

Causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague

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Citrobacter

Normal intestinal flora; of small clinical interest

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Klebsiella

Large non motile bacterium produces large mucoid colonies when plated on nutrient media and possess large capsules; cause wound infections, bacteremia, pneumonia (blood sputum), and UTI.

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Enterobacter

Normal flora of human intestinal tract and domesticated livestock; cause opportunistic infections of the urinary tract.

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Serratia

Opportunistic pathogens associated with nosocomial outbreaks; can resist ranges of antimicrobials

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Proteus

Normal intestinal flora in half of the population; Cause urinary tract infections and hospital acquired infections; Highly motile and forms “swarming colonies”.

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Edwardsiella

Rarely causes human infection; Found in aquatic animals and reptiles; Associated with gastroenteritis, wound infection, and bacteremia.

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Providencia

Rarely causes human infection; Associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections; Infections are difficult to treat because of antimicrobial resistance.

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Vibrio cholerae

Frank pathogen; Curved Gram (-) rods; requires water; Acute symptoms: nausea and vomiting early on, profuse watery diarrhea (nonbloody (noninvasive) rice water stool

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Campylobacter jejuni

Cause acute diarrheal disease, can become bloody;Gram negative rods; Highly contagious by fecal to oral route; Found in public pools and this organism can survive chlorination.

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Helicobacter pylori

Causative agent of stomach and intestinal infections; Gastric and Duodenal ulcers; Spiral shaped cell and has an H antigen (highly motile)

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Icosahedral

Virus shape that looks like a hexagon; 17-23 triangular faces. Will always look symmetrical.

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Helical

Virus shape; open ended tube

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Capsid

a protein rigid outer coating that surrounds a virus’s nucleic acid and genetic information

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Obligate intracellular parasites

Cannot reproduce independently, requires a host cell

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Attachment fibers/spikes

Specific angled part that has to specifically attach and fit into receptor sites on the host cell. Stick off of the virus.

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Naked virus

result of released viruses from lysis

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Enveloped virus

virus that is result of budding (exocytosis)

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Bacteriophage

Icosahedral that contains capsid, genetic information, sheath, base plate, and attachment fibers. Infects bacteria.

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Lysis

Rupturing the host cell and the viruses leave the host cell at once.

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Budding

Viruses leave the host cell by exocytosis, where the layer of the host cell membrane surrounds one virus at a time, and it is exported out.

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Proteus Mirabilis

  • : cause of wound an urinary tract infections

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Proteus Vulgaris

isolated less often in the lab and usually targets immunosuppressed individuals.

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Providencia alcalifaciens

has been associated with diarrheal disease in children Infection is so rare, enterobacteriaceae should be considered before providencia as being causative agent