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Flashcards of lecture notes on Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Providencia, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, and Virus Structure
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Enterobacteriaceae
Family of bacteria found in the intestinal tract, including normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, and frank pathogens; Gram (-) non spore forming rods
O antigen
Somatic antigen of Enterobacteriaceae; Heat stable, located in the cell wall and initiates symptoms in the host.
H antigen
Flagellar antigen of Enterobacteriaceae; Heat-labile, found in the flagellum (only in motile organisms).
K antigen
Capsular antigen of Enterobacteriaceae; Heat labile, polysaccharide found in some species (named after Klebsiella).
Enteritis
Inflammation of the intestine.
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the digestive tract (stomach and everything below).
Enteric fever
Acute illness presenting as fever, headache, abdominal pain, and occasional skin rash.
Food poisoning
Ingestion of food containing a preformed toxin; No growth of bacteria in the host is required.
Emesis
Vomiting
Morbidity
Incidence of disease; Number of cases.
Mortality
Incidence of death.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Common inhabitant of the intestinal tract; Used as an indicator of water polluted by sewage; Involved in food digestion (source of vitamin K).
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC)
E. coli that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal pain by adhering to the mucosal surface of the intestine.
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
E. coli that is noninvasive; Adheres to the cells of the small intestine and destroys microvilli without actual invasion; causes low-grade fever, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
E. coli that is associated with diarrhea of infants and adults in tropical and subtropical climates; Produces heat labile and heat stable toxins; causes nonbloody, watery diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain.
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
E. coli that causes dysentery and symptoms similar to Shigella disease; Invasive and penetrates the host cells, causing damage and destruction to the large intestine mucosa; causes fever, severe abdominal cramping, malaise, watery diarrhea and toxemia.
Enterohemorragic E. coli (EHEC)
Frank pathogen E. coli
Shigellosis
Bacillary dysentery characterized by blood, pus, and mucus in stools, abdominal pain, and cramps; Caused by Shigella.
Verotoxin I and Verotoxin II
Cytotoxins specific for the colon produced by some strains of E. coli and Shigella; Can cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.
Salmonellosis
Gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella; Characterized by low grade fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (non-bloody).
Typhoid fever
Caused by Salmonella typhi; Symptoms include high fever, headache, myalgia, and GI distress; May develop rose rash.
Yersinia enterocolitica
Produce an infection that mimics symptoms of appendicitis: fever, nausea, acute sharp pain in abdomen, and diarrhea. Responds to antibiotics pretty well. Can cause community outbreaks of diarrhea
Yersinia pestis
Causative agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague
Citrobacter
Normal intestinal flora; of small clinical interest
Klebsiella
Large non motile bacterium produces large mucoid colonies when plated on nutrient media and possess large capsules; cause wound infections, bacteremia, pneumonia (blood sputum), and UTI.
Enterobacter
Normal flora of human intestinal tract and domesticated livestock; cause opportunistic infections of the urinary tract.
Serratia
Opportunistic pathogens associated with nosocomial outbreaks; can resist ranges of antimicrobials
Proteus
Normal intestinal flora in half of the population; Cause urinary tract infections and hospital acquired infections; Highly motile and forms “swarming colonies”.
Edwardsiella
Rarely causes human infection; Found in aquatic animals and reptiles; Associated with gastroenteritis, wound infection, and bacteremia.
Providencia
Rarely causes human infection; Associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections; Infections are difficult to treat because of antimicrobial resistance.
Vibrio cholerae
Frank pathogen; Curved Gram (-) rods; requires water; Acute symptoms: nausea and vomiting early on, profuse watery diarrhea (nonbloody (noninvasive) rice water stool
Campylobacter jejuni
Cause acute diarrheal disease, can become bloody;Gram negative rods; Highly contagious by fecal to oral route; Found in public pools and this organism can survive chlorination.
Helicobacter pylori
Causative agent of stomach and intestinal infections; Gastric and Duodenal ulcers; Spiral shaped cell and has an H antigen (highly motile)
Icosahedral
Virus shape that looks like a hexagon; 17-23 triangular faces. Will always look symmetrical.
Helical
Virus shape; open ended tube
Capsid
a protein rigid outer coating that surrounds a virus’s nucleic acid and genetic information
Obligate intracellular parasites
Cannot reproduce independently, requires a host cell
Attachment fibers/spikes
Specific angled part that has to specifically attach and fit into receptor sites on the host cell. Stick off of the virus.
Naked virus
result of released viruses from lysis
Enveloped virus
virus that is result of budding (exocytosis)
Bacteriophage
Icosahedral that contains capsid, genetic information, sheath, base plate, and attachment fibers. Infects bacteria.
Lysis
Rupturing the host cell and the viruses leave the host cell at once.
Budding
Viruses leave the host cell by exocytosis, where the layer of the host cell membrane surrounds one virus at a time, and it is exported out.
Proteus Mirabilis
: cause of wound an urinary tract infections
Proteus Vulgaris
isolated less often in the lab and usually targets immunosuppressed individuals.
Providencia alcalifaciens
has been associated with diarrheal disease in children Infection is so rare, enterobacteriaceae should be considered before providencia as being causative agent