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What can you see from the left side?
liver, stomach, spleen, LVC, LDC, descending colon, jejunum
What are clinical signs of a colic?
depression, sweating, increased HR, diarrhea
What types of stomach-related diseases can cause colic?
gastric ulcers, impaction, dilation/rupture
What types of small intestine-related diseases can cause colic?
ascarid impaction, adhesions, intussuception, hernia, etc.
What types of large intestine-related diseases can cause colic?
impaction, displacement, colitis, etc.
Do most stomach ulcers show symptoms?
no until they are very serious
What is primary gastric impaction and rupture?
delayed gastric emptying
What is secondary gastric impaction?
intestinal obstruction
What is fibrous adhesion of the small intestine?
jejuno-jejunal anastomosis between adjacent loop of jejunum
What can parascaris equorum cause?
impaction in SI
What is the impaction of the ileon?
impaction of ileum with ingesta and distension of SI
What can anoplocephala perfoliata cause?
impaction of ileon
What is intussussception of small intestine?
invaginated of segment into more distal segment
What are types of intestinal intussussceptions?
jejuno-jejunal, ileal-ileal, ileocecal
Does intussussception frequently cause colics?
no
What is jejunum strangulation?
pedunculated lipomas that suspend in the mesentery and warp around segment of intestine interfering with blood supply and occludes intestinal lumen
What is internal incarceration associated with colic in the horse?
epiploic foramen entrapment
What are the borders of the epiploic foramen?
caudate lobe of liver, portal vein, caudal vena cava
What portions commonly get entrapped in epiploic foramen?
distal jejunum and ileum
What causes impaction of LI?
dry feed or foreign bodies
What are common impaction sites of LI?
pelvic flexure, RDC junction with the transverse colon, base and body of cecum
What are enteroliths or bezoars?
concretions of magnesium ammonimu phosphate crystals that form around nidus
Where are common enteroliths sites?
junction of right dorsal and transverse
What conditions require surgery using the ventral midline approach?
strangulation of SI, incarceration in epiploic foramen, intussusception, impaction in LI, etc.
What can you palpate rectally in horses?
small colon, LDC, LVC, pelvic flexure, cecum, ileum, jejunum, bladder, uterus, uterine horns, ovary, pelvic urethra, prostate vaginal ring
What disorders require invasice procedures in the abdominal cavity?
abomasal displacement, volulus, intussusception, bloat, dystocia, etc.
What are things to note or think about in a laparotomy in the paralumbar fossa?
standing animal, minimal intra-abdominal pressure, quick and easy, access to different organs, sedation not required
What are the borders of the paralumbar fossa?
cranial: last rib
dorsal: lateral border of spinal muscles
caudoventral: tuber coxae
Flank vs paralumbar fossa?
flank is the area on the animal that includes the paralumbar fossa (it is a part on the flank but doesn't make up the whole flank)
What nerve is T13? L1? L2?
intercostal nerve, iliohypogastric, iliolingual
What 3 nerves must be blocked to desensitize the paralumbar fossa?
T13, L1, L2
What is inverted L?
subcutaneous injection of anesthetic cranial and dorsal to site of incision
What is paravertebral?
anesthetic deposited at the cranial tips of the lumbar transverse processes to block T13, L1, L2
What is epidural?
anesthetic deposited in epidural space of vertebral canal through interarcuate space
What are structures incised during laparotomy in paralumbar fossa?
1. skin
2. superficial fascia
3. deep fascia
4. external abdominal oblique
5. internal abdominal oblique
6. transversus abdominis
7. retroperitoneal fat
8. parietal peritoneum
What is the grid technique?
Gridding technique is following the muscle fibers of the internal and external abdominal obliques with your incision rather than a straight vertical incision
What is the right flank used for in paralumbar fossa surgeries?
exploratory laps, correction of abomasal displacement, intussusception, intestinal phytobezoar
What is the left flank used for in paralumbar fossa surgeries?
c-sections, rumenotomy, rumenostomy
What are different displacements of abomasum?
LDA (left displacement abomasum), RDA (right displacement abomasum), AV (abomasum volvulus)
What is the most common displacements of abosmasum?
LDA
What percentage of displaced abomasums occurs within 1 month of partuition?
80%
What happens in right displacement of abomasums?
rotation of its mesenteric axis leading to volvulus, rich in gas and liquid leading to circulatory impairment and strangulating obstruction (counter clockwise direction)
How do you maintain abomasum in its place after displacement?
abomasopexy or omentopexy
When is exploratory laparotomy done?
when there is no specific diagnosis, but it can be through left or right paralumbar fossa
What interventions are performed in left paralumbar fossa?
1. rumenocentesis (bloat emergency)
2. rumenotomy (bloat, ruminal impaction, ingestion of toxins)
What are two clinical tests for abdominal pain?
withers pinch scoot test and grunt test
What is hardware disease?
Caused by the ingestion of metal objects which lodge in the reticulum, penetrate, and cause a local peritonitis.
